वैद्यकशास्त्रातील नोबेल पारितोषिक

वैद्यकशास्त्रातील नोबेल पारितोषिक (स्वीडिश:नोबेलप्राइसेट इ फिसियोतदजि एलर मेडिसिन) हे स्वीडनमधील कारोलिन्स्का इन्स्टिट्युटकडून दरवर्षी प्रदान करण्यात येणारे पारितोषिक आहे. आल्फ्रेड नोबेलने आपल्या मृत्युपत्रात लिहिल्याप्रमाणे हे पारितोषिक १९०१ पासून दरवर्षी दिले जाते. या शाखेतील पहिले पारितोषिक एमिल ऍडॉल्फ फोन बेह्रिंगला त्याच्या "रक्तपेशींद्वारे (प्लाझ्मा) उपचारपद्धतीसाठी, विशेषतः त्याच्या डिप्थेरियाविरुद्ध होणाऱ्या उपयोगासाठी, ज्याद्वारे वैद्यकशास्त्रातील एक नवे दालन खुले केले गेले व वैद्य व चिकित्सकांच्या हातात आजार आणि मृत्यूविरुद्ध लढण्यासाठी प्रभावी आयुध दिले गेले", देण्यात आले.

वैद्यकशास्त्रातील हे पारितोषिक रसायनशास्त्र, भौतिकशास्त्र, साहित्य, शांतता या इतर चार शाखांमधील पारितोषिकांबरोबर देण्यात येते. नोबेल फाउंडेशनद्वारे नियमन केली जाणारी ही पारितोषिके सहसा जगातील सर्वोच्च सन्मान समजली जातात. आल्फ्रेड नोबेल यांच्या मृत्युदिनी (डिसेंबर १०) हे पारितोषिक स्वीडनच्या राजाच्या हस्ते प्रदान केले जाते. त्यावेळी स्वीकारणाऱ्यास एक पदक, प्रमाणपत्र व बक्षिसरकमेची हमी दिली जाते.

२००८ चे वैद्यकशास्त्रातील पारितोषिक हराल्ड झुअर हाउजनला सर्व्हिकल कॅन्सरला कारणीभूत असलेल्या मानवी पॅपिलोमा विषाणूच्या शोधाबद्दल आणि फ्रांस्वा बार-सिनूसी व लुक माँतानिये यांना एड्सला कारणीभूत मानवी प्रतिकारशक्ती-अभाव (इम्युनोडेफिशियन्सी) विषाणूच्या (एच.आय.व्ही.) शोधांबद्दल देण्यात आले. १ कोटी स्वीडिश क्रोनाचे (अंदाजे १० लाख युरो; १४ लाख अमेरिकन डॉलर) बक्षिस तिघांत वाटून देण्यात येईल.

नोबेल पदकाच्या समोरच्या बाजूस कारोलिन्स्का इन्स्टिट्युट येथील नोबेल सभेचे पदक असा मजकूर व आल्फ्रेड नोबेलचे चित्र असते तर मागच्या बाजूस ग्रीक इतिहासातील जिनियस आपल्या मांडीत उघडे पुस्तक ठेवून खडकातील वाहणारे पाणी घेउन एका आजारी मुलीची तहान भागवत आहे असे निरुपण असते.

विजेत्यांची यादी

१९०१ ते २००८ पर्यंतचे १८९ विजेते

वर्ष	नाव	देश	कारण
1901	एमिल अॅडॉल्फ फोन बेह्रिंग	जर्मनी	"for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths"
1902	रोनाल्ड रॉस	युनायटेड किंग्डम	"for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it"
1903	नील्स रायबर्ग फिन्सेन	डेन्मार्क	"in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science"
१९०४	इव्हान पेट्रोविच पावलोव	रशिया	"in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged"
१९०५	रॉबर्ट कॉख	जर्मनी	" क्षय रोगाबद्दल महत्त्वपूर्ण संशोधनाबद्दल"
१९०६	कामियो गोल्गी सांतियागो रमोन इ कहाल	Italy स्पेन	"in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system"
१९०७	चार्ल्स लुई आल्फोन्से लव्हेरान	फ्रांस	"in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases"
१९०८	इल्या इलिच मेक्निकोव्ह पॉल एह्लरिक	रशिया जर्मनी	"in recognition of their work on immunity"
१९०९	एमिल थियोडोर कोकर	स्वित्झर्लंड	"for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland"
१९१०	आल्ब्रेख्त कॉसेल	जर्मनी	"in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances"
१९११	Allvar Gullstrand	स्वीडन	"for his work on the dioptrics of the eye"
१९१२	Alexis Carrel	फ्रांस	"in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs"
१९१३	Charles Robert Richet	फ्रांस	"in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis"
१९१४	Robert Bárány	Hungary /Austria	"for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus"
पुरस्कार नाही
१९१६
१९१७	पुरस्कार नाही
१९१८	पुरस्कार नाही
१९१९	Jules Bordet	बेल्जियम	"for his discoveries relating to immunity"
१९२०	Schack August Steenberg Krogh	डेन्मार्क	"for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism" (for showing that the gas exchange in the lungs is ordinary diffusion)
१९२१	पुरस्कार नाही
1922	Archibald Vivian Hill	युनायटेड किंग्डम	"for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle"
	Otto Fritz Meyerhof	जर्मनी	"for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle"
1923	Frederick Grant Banting John James Richard Macleod	Canada युनायटेड किंग्डम	"for the discovery of insulin"
1१९२४	Willem Einthoven	Netherlands	"for the discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram"
१९२५	पुरस्कार नाही
१९२६	Johannes Andreas Grib Fibiger	डेन्मार्क	"for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma"
१९२७	Julius Wagner-Jauregg	Austria	"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica"
१९२८	Charles Jules Henri Nicolle	फ्रांस	"for his work on typhus"
1929	Christiaan Eijkman	Netherlands	"for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin"
	Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins	युनायटेड किंग्डम	"for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins"
1930	Karl Landsteiner	Austria	"for his discovery of human blood groups"
Otto Heinrich Warburg	जर्मनी	"for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme"
1932	Sir Charles Scott Sherrington Edgar Douglas Adrian	युनायटेड किंग्डम युनायटेड किंग्डम	"for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons"
1933	Thomas Hunt Morgan	अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity"
1934	George Hoyt Whipple George Richards Minot William Parry Murphy	अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"
1935	Hans Spemann	जर्मनी	"for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development"
1936	Sir Henry Hallett Dale Otto Loewi	युनायटेड किंग्डम; जर्मनी 1903: Austria 1946: अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses"
1937	Albert Szent-Györgyi von Nagyrapolt	Hungary	"for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid"
1938	Corneille Jean François Heymans	Belgium	"for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration"
1939	Gerhard Domagk	जर्मनी	"for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil"
१९४०	पुरस्कार नाही
१९४१	पुरस्कार नाही
१९४२	पुरस्कार नाही
1943	Carl Peter Henrik Dam	Denmark	"for his discovery of vitamin K"
	Edward Adelbert Doisy	United States	"for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K"
1944	Joseph Erlanger Herbert Spencer Gasser	अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"
1945	सर अलेक्झांडर फ्लेमिंग Ernst Boris Chain Sir Howard Walter Florey	युनायटेड किंग्डम; जर्मनी /युनायटेड किंग्डम; ऑस्ट्रेलिया /युनायटेड किंग्डम	" पेनिसिलीनच्या शोधाबद्दल व त्याचा प्रतिजैविक म्हणून वापराच्या शोधाबद्दल"
1946	Hermann Joseph Muller	अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation"
1947	Carl Ferdinand Cori Gerty Theresa Cori, née Radnitz	Czechoslovakia /अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने; Czechoslovakia /अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"
	Bernardo Alberto Houssay	Argentina	"for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar"
1948	Paul Hermann Müller	स्वित्झर्लंड	"for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods"
1949	Walter Rudolf Hess	स्वित्झर्लंड	"for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs"
	Antonio Caetano De Abreu Freire Egas Moniz	Portugal	"for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses"
1950	Edward Calvin Kendall Tadeusz Reichstein Philip Showalter Hench	अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने; Poland /स्वित्झर्लंड; अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"
1951	Max Theiler	South Africa /स्वित्झर्लंड	"for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it"
1952	Selman Abraham Waksman	Russia, 1916: अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis"
1953	Hans Adolf Krebs	West जर्मनी /युनायटेड किंग्डम	"for his discovery of the citric acid cycle"
	Fritz Albert Lipmann	West जर्मनी /अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"
1954	John Franklin Enders Thomas Huckle Weller Frederick Chapman Robbins	अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"
1955	Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell	स्वीडन	"for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes"
1956	André Frédéric Cournand Werner Forssmann Dickinson W. Richards	फ्रांस, 1941: United States; West जर्मनी United States	"for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system"
1957	Daniel Bovet	स्वित्झर्लंड /Italy	"for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles"
1958	George Wells Beadle Edward Lawrie Tatum	United States United States	"for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events"
	Joshua Lederberg	अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria"
1959	Severo Ochoa Arthur Kornberg	स्पेन /अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने; अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"
1960	Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet Peter Brian Medawar	ऑस्ट्रेलिया; Brazil /युनायटेड किंग्डम	"for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance"
1961	Georg von Békésy	Hungary	"for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea"
1962	Francis Harry Compton Crick James Dewey Watson Maurice Hugh Frederick Wilkins	युनायटेड किंग्डम; अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने; न्यू झीलँड /युनायटेड किंग्डम	"for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material"
1963	Sir John Carew Eccles Alan Lloyd Hodgkin Andrew Fielding Huxley	ऑस्ट्रेलिया युनायटेड किंग्डम युनायटेड किंग्डम	"for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane"
1964	Konrad Bloch Feodor Lynen	West जर्मनी /अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने; West जर्मनी	"for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism"
1965	François Jacob André Lwoff Jacques Monod	फ्रांस फ्रांस फ्रांस	"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis"
1966	Peyton Rous	अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses"
	Charles B. Huggins	Canada /अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer"
1967	Ragnar Granit Haldan Keffer Hartline George Wald	Finland 1940: स्वीडन; अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"
1968	Robert W. Holley हर गोविंद खुराना Marshall W. Nirenberg	United States; भारत 1966: United States; United States	"जनुकीय रचना व प्रथिनांच्या रचनेमधील त्यांचा महत्त्वाची कडी शोधण्याच्या महत्त्वपूर्ण कार्याबद्दल]]"
1969	Max Delbrück Alfred Hershey Salvador E. Luria	West जर्मनी /अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने; अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने; Italy	"for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"
1970	Sir Bernard Katz Ulf von Euler Julius Axelrod	West जर्मनी 1941: युनायटेड किंग्डम; स्वीडन अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"
1971	Earl W. Sutherland, Jr.	अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones"
1972	Gerald M. Edelman Rodney R. Porter	अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने युनायटेड किंग्डम	"for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"
1973	Karl von Frisch Konrad Lorenz Nikolaas Tinbergen	Austria Austria Netherlands	"for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns"
1974	Albert Claude Christian de Duve George E. Palade	Belgium; Belgium; Romania 1952: अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell"
1975	David Baltimore Renato Dulbecco Howard Martin Temin	अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने; Italy /अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने; अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"
1976	Baruch S. Blumberg D. Carleton Gajdusek	अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"
1977	Roger Guillemin Andrew Viktor Schally	फ्रांस 1965: अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने; अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain"
	Rosalyn Yalow	अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"
1978	Werner Arber Daniel Nathans Hamilton O. Smith	स्वित्झर्लंड अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"
1979	Allan M. Cormack Godfrey N. Hounsfield	South Africa 1966: अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने; युनायटेड किंग्डम	"for the development of computer assisted tomography"
1980	Baruj Benacerraf Jean Dausset George D. Snell	Venezuela 1943: अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने; फ्रांस; अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"
1981	Roger W. Sperry	अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres"
	David H. Hubel Torsten N. Wiesel	Canada /अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने स्वीडन	"for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system"
1982	Sune Bergström Bengt I. Samuelsson John R. Vane	स्वीडन स्वीडन युनायटेड किंग्डम	"for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances"
1983	Barbara McClintock	अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for her discovery of mobile genetic elements"
1984	Niels K. Jerne Georges J.F. Köhler César Milstein	Denmark; West जर्मनी; Argentina	"for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies"
1985	Michael S. Brown Joseph L. Goldstein	अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism"
1986	Stanley Cohen Rita Levi-Montalcini	अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने; Italy /अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for their discoveries of growth factors"
1987	Susumu Tonegawa	जापान	"for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity"
1988	Sir James W. Black Gertrude B. Elion George H. Hitchings	युनायटेड किंग्डम अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"
1989	J. Michael Bishop Harold E. Varmus	अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes"
1990	Joseph E. Murray E. Donnall Thomas	अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"
1991	Erwin Neher Bert Sakmann	जर्मनी जर्मनी	"for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells"
1992	Edmond H. Fischer Edwin G. Krebs	स्वित्झर्लंड /अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने; अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"
1993	Richard J. Roberts Phillip A. Sharp	युनायटेड किंग्डम अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for their discoveries of split genes"
1994	Alfred G. Gilman Martin Rodbell	अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"
1995	Edward B. Lewis Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard Eric F. Wieschaus	अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने जर्मनी अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"
1996	Peter C. Doherty Rolf M. Zinkernagel	ऑस्ट्रेलिया स्वित्झर्लंड	"for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence"
1997	Stanley B. Prusiner	अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection"
1998	Robert F. Furchgott Louis J. Ignarro Ferid Murad	United States अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"
1999	Günter Blobel	जर्मनी 1987: अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell"
2000	Arvid Carlsson Paul Greengard Eric R. Kandel	स्वीडन अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"
2001	Leland H. Hartwell R. Timothy (Tim) Hunt Sir Paul M. Nurse	United States युनायटेड किंग्डम युनायटेड किंग्डम	"for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle"
2002	Sydney Brenner H. Robert Horvitz John E. Sulston	South Africa /युनायटेड किंग्डम 2003: Singapore (honorary); अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने; युनायटेड किंग्डम	"for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"
2003	Paul Lauterbur Sir Peter Mansfield	United States युनायटेड किंग्डम	"for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging"
2004	Richard Axel Linda B. Buck	अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"
2005	Barry J. Marshall J. Robin Warren	ऑस्ट्रेलिया ऑस्ट्रेलिया	"for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease"
2006	Andrew Z. Fire Craig C. Mello	अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"
2007	Mario Capecchi Sir Martin Evans Oliver Smithies	Italy /अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने; युनायटेड किंग्डम; युनायटेड किंग्डम /अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने	"for their discoveries for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells."
2008	हराल्ड झुअर हाउसन	जर्मनी	"गळ्याच्या कर्करोगास कारणीभूत ठरणारा ह्युमन पापीलोमा ह्या विषाणूचा शोध लावल्याबद्दल "
	फ्रांन्कोईज बॅरे-सिनॉसी लुक मोन्टॅग्नीअर	फ्रांस फ्रांस	"एड्स या रोगास कारणीभूत असणाऱ्या एच्.आय.व्ही या विषाणूचा शोध लावण्याबद्दल"

बाह्य दुवे

विकिमीडिया कॉमन्सवर

Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine winners

संबंधित संचिका आहेत

• All Nobel Laureates in Medicine – Index webpage on the official site of the Nobel Foundation.
• The Nobel Prize Medals and the Medal for the Prize in Economics – By Birgitta Lemmel; an article on the history of the design of the medals featured on the official site.
• The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine – Official site of the Nobel Foundation.
• What the Nobel Laureates Receive – Featured link in The Nobel Prize Award Ceremonies.
• Nobel Prize Internet Archive of Laureates in Physiology or Medicine