दंगल

या शब्दाच्या इतर उपयोगांसाठी पाहा, दंगल (नि:संदिग्धीकरण).

:

ह्या लेखाचा/विभागाचा इंग्रजी किंवा अमराठी भाषेतून मराठी भाषेत भाषांतर करावयाचे बाकी आहे. अनुवाद करण्यास आपलाही सहयोग हवा आहे. ऑनलाईन शब्दकोश आणि इतर सहाय्या करिता भाषांतर प्रकल्पास भेट द्या. कृपया, पुढील भाषांतर संकेतांचे पालन आवर्जून करा. विकिपीडिया:शीर्षकलेखन संकेत अनुसार काही अपवाद वगळता लेख शीर्षके मराठीतच असणे अभिप्रेत आहे. एकूण लेख संख्येच्या अंदाजे २% पेक्षा अधिक लेख भाषांतर प्रतिक्षेत (इंग्रजी मसुद्याच्या स्वरूपात) असू नयेत असा संकेत आहे. स्वतःच्या संपादन संख्येच्या २% पेक्षा अधिक लेखात मसुदे परभाषेत चिटकवू नयेत.

Teamsters, armed with pipes, riot in a clash with riot police in the Minneapolis Teamsters Strike of 1934.

Rioters typically wear face masks, scarves, and other headgear, in order not to be recognizable and in order to filter tear gas; they may use cobblestones as projectiles

शांततामय सहअस्तित्व हा नियम आणि त्यांच्यात उद्‌भवणारे हिंसक संघर्ष हा अपवाद असतो.. एखाद्या मानवी समूहाने हिंसक मार्गाने केलेल्या सामुहीक शांतता भंगास दंगल असे म्हणतात.

दंगल हे नागरी अव्यवस्थेचे एक विद्रूप रूप असते. दंगलीत संघटित किंवा असंघटित गटांद्वारे काही विशिष्ट किंवा अविशिष्ट लोकांच्या विरोधात किंवा अन्यथा, खासगी व सार्वजनिक मालमत्तेची लूट आणि नासधूस होते. आणि असे घडताना, अचानक किंवा ठरवून, सौम्य वा तीव्र स्वरूपाचे हिंसाचार होऊ शकतात. एकदा दंगल सुरू झाली की ती घडवण्यास कारणीभूत असलेल्या नेत्यांना ती आवरता येतेच असे नाही. शेवटी दंगल हा एक सार्वजनिक गोंधळाचा प्रकार असतो आणि तिच्यात केवळ झुंडशाही असते. दंगल सुरू होण्याच्या तात्कालिक कारणानुसार आणि दंगलीत भाग घेणार्‍या लोकांच्या मनोवृत्तीप्रमाणे दंगलीत कोणती मालमत्ता उध्वस्त करायची हे अवलंबून असते. साधारणपणे, दुकाने, खाद्यालये, वाहने, सरकारी संस्था आणि धार्मिक स्थळे यांना दंगलीची झळ पोचते.

दंगलीमागे बहुधा एखादा सार्वजनिक स्वरूपाचा अन्याय असतो. अन्यायाविरोधात केलेल्या तक्रारीची दखल योग्य रीतीने घेतली गेली नाही हे कारण, दंगलीचे बीज असू शकते. बेरोजगारी, सरकारी गैरकारभार, लोकांची राहणीमानाची दरिद्री स्थिती, अधिकार्‍यांची दमनशाही, करआकारणी, सक्तीची लष्करभऱती, वांशिक संघर्ष, धार्मिक मतभेद, अपुरा अन्नपुरवठा आदी कारणांवरून ऐतिहासिक काळात दंगली झालेल्या आहेत, आणि या काळातही होतात.

दंगल ही दोन किंवा अधिक गटांमध्ये असलेल्या मतभेदांची प्रतिक्रिया म्हणून, अथवा शासकीय/अशासकीय सस्थेसंबंधी असलेली नाराजी हिंसक मार्गाने व्यक्त करताना होऊ शकते. इतर व्यक्तींचा नाराजीशी काही संबंध आहे किंवा नाही याचे भान न ठेवता त्यांच्या कामकाजात अडथळा आणणे, प्रसंगी इजा पोहोचवणे, तर काही वेळा आयुष्यावर बेतू शकणारा उपद्रव मूल्याचा उपयोग करणे, सार्वजनिक उपद्रव, खासगी अथवा सार्वजनिक मालमत्तेचे विद्रूपीकरण अशी काही दंगलींची ठळक वैशिष्ट्ये असतात.

Riots typically involve vandalism and the destruction of private and public property. The specific property to be targeted varies depending on the cause of the riot and the inclinations of those involved. Targets can include shops, cars, restaurants, state-owned institutions, and religious buildings.

Some rioters have become quite sophisticated at understanding and withstanding the tactics used by police in such situations. Manuals for successful rioting are available on the internet. These manuals also encourage rioters to get the press involved, as there is more safety with the cameras rolling. There is also more attention. Citizens with video cameras may also have an effect on both rioters and police.

Dealing with riots is often difficult task for police departments, and police officers sent to deal with riots are usually armed with ballistic shields and riot shotguns, mainly because of the larger spread of the shorter barrels. Police may also use tear gas and CS gas to stop rioters. Most riot police have moved to using less-than-lethal methods to control riots, such as shotguns that fire rubber slugs and flexible baton rounds to injure or otherwise incapacitate rioters for easy arrest.

कायद्याच्या दृष्टीकोणातून दंगलीची व्याख्या

• व्याख्या]

दंगलींचे प्रकार

झुंडशाही

Hooliganism refers to unruly and destructive behaviour associated with sports fans, particularly supporters of professional football and university sports. Some sports rioters have become semi-professionals, travelling to the sites of likely riots. These rioters are known as firms and are particularly noted in sports-related riots in Europe.

पोलीस दंगल

A "police riot" is a term for the alleged wrongful, disproportionate, unlawful and illegitimate use of force by a group of police against a group of civilians. A police riot commonly describes a situation where police attack a group of peaceful civilians and/or provoke previously peaceful civilians into violence.

तुरूंगतील दंगल

A prison riot is a type of large scale, temporary act of concerted defiance or disorder by a group of prisoners against the prison administrators, prison officers, or other groups of prisoners in attempt to force change or express a grievance.

वांशिक दंगली

"Race riot" is a term describing a riot in which race or ethnicity is a key factor. The term had entered the English language in the United States by the 1890s. Early use of the term in the United States referred to race riots which were often a mob action by members of the majority racial group against people of other perceived races.

Religious Riot धार्मिक दंगली

साचा:Seealso "Religious riot" is a term describing a riot in which religion is a key factor. The rioting mob targets people and properties of a specific religion.

विद्यार्थी दंगली

Student riots are riots precipitated by students, often in higher education, such as a college/university. Student riots in the US and Western Europe in the 1960s and the 1970s were often political in nature, although student riots can occur as a result of peaceful demonstration oppressed by the authorities and after sporting events (see hooliganism). Students may constitute an active political force in a given country, and student riots may occur in the context of wider political or social grievances.

शहरी दंगली

Urban riots are those riots identified as taking place in the context of urban conditions associated with urban decay, such as discrimination, poverty, high unemployment, poor schools, poor healthcare, housing inadequacy and police brutality and bias. Urban riots are closely associated with race riots and police riots. In India, for instance, caste riots have tended to be limited to rural theatres while religious riots centred around urban agglomerations.

अन्न अनुपलब्धता महामारी दंगली

This type of riot is caused by harvest failures, incompetent food storage, hoarding, poisoning of food, or attacks by pests like locusts. When the public becomes too desperate in such conditions, they attack shops, farms, homes, or government buildings to attain bread or other staple foods like grain or salt, as in the 1977 Egyptian Bread Riots.

राजकीय परिणाम

Many governments and political systems have fallen after food riots, including-

• Tsarist Russia,
• The Confederate States of America (see the Southern Bread Riots for an example),
• Pre-revolutionary France,
• British rule in India (bread and salt riots hastened the withdraw in 1947).

दंगलींचा इतिहास

हे सुद्धा पहा: दंगलींचा इतिहास

साचा:Expand-section साचा:Off-topic-other

चित्र:DAD Prowling mob.jpg

An armed mob on the prowl during the Direct Action Day riots in Calcutta.

आशिया

The 1984 Anti-Sikh Riots was a 3-4 day period of communal violence against Sikhs. These riots were started in retaliation of the assassination of Prime minister Indira Gandhi by her two Sikh bodyguards (in revenge for Operation Bluestar). It is estimated that about 2,000 Sikhs were killed in the riots across India.

The Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 were a series of demonstrations led by students, intellectuals and labour activists in the People's Republic of China between April 15, 1989 and June 4, 1989. The demonstrations centred on Tiananmen Square in Beijing. Government retaliation was often violent and riots broke out in affected regions.

In 2005, the Chinese government admitted to 87,000 demonstrations and riots across China.

The Jakarta riots of May 1998 were a series of riots against ethnic Chinese Indonesians in Jakarta and Surakarta, Indonesia.There were also hundreds of documented accounts of ethnic Chinese women being raped, tortured and killed. Human Rights groups have determined that the Indonesian military was involved in the riots, which degenerated into a pogrom.

The Partition of India was a traumatic event in South Asian history that followed the independence of the region from British colonial rule. The ensuing riots resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of Hindus and Muslims.

In 2006, there were nationwide riots in Pakistan and numerous other areas over the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy.

In 2008, several citizens, mainly native Tibetans, in Tibet have rioted against the Chinese government months before the 2008 Beijing Olympics, in response to the detainment of 300 lamaist monks. In addition to the riots, other Tibetan citizens and other anti-Chinese organizations outside of China, attempted to disrupt the Olympic torch relay prior to the riots as well as several other issues by harassing the torch bearers by attempting to remove to torch. In response, the torch bearers had to be escorted by security to prevent further conflicts with protesters.

ऑस्ट्रेलिया

The Sydney Riot of 1879, is one of the earliest riots at an international cricket match. Riots have become major news generators, including Aboriginal riots in response to the death of an Aboriginal boy, and most recently the 2005 summer race riots. These riots took place on the beaches of the eastern Sydney suburbs and directly downtown, most prominently Cronulla.

यूरोप

Europe has historically seen a diverse range of riots, ranging from hooliganism to May Day riots. Recent riots have taken place in a political context (escalation of political demonstrations), rioting to prevent the eviction of social centres and/or squats, and racial tensions in the broader context of urban decay.

Riots broke out in the city of Gothenburg, Sweden from the 14th to the 16th of June 2001. A total of 53 police officers and 90 vandals and demonstrators were hurt during the many riots that were going on between these days. The reasons for the riot were the EU summit that took place in Gothenburg and the visit of USA's President George W. Bush.

The Nørrebro riots followed the selling of Ungdomshuset in Copenhagen in Denmark. People from Sweden, Germany and the United Kingdom participated in the riots. In total 750 people were arrested during the fighting; 140 of these foreigners.

In October 2005 and again in November 2007, immigrant youth rioted in the poor Paris suburbs of Clichy-sous-Bois and Villiers-le-Bel, respectively, each time in reaction to the deaths of North African youth at the hands of police.

Another similar incident in Greece, involving the death of a 15-year-old student, who was fatally shot by a police officer, resulted to widespread rioting throughout the country.

यूनायटेड स्टेट्स

The worst riots in United States history with respect to lives lost took place during the Civil War when immigrant factory workers forcibly resisted the federal government's military draft, the New York Draft Riots. These riots were graphically depicted in the movie Gangs of New York with a disputable level of accuracy.

Since the 1950s the US has seen a series of race riots in the context of the civil rights movement and urban decay. Over the first nine months of 1967, 128 American cities suffered 164 riots. The 1967 Newark riots became, per capita, one of deadliest civil disturbances of the 1960s. The long and short term causes of the riots are explored in depth in the documentary film Revolution '67. The assassination of civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. triggered riots across numerous American cities. The 1992 Los Angeles riots, triggered by the Rodney King Trial were regarded as the worst in recent U.S. history with deaths estimated at 54 people and nearly a billion dollars in damage caused.

The Stonewall Riots were a series of spontaneous, violent demonstrations against a police raid that took place in New York City in June 1969 and has become the defining event that marked the start of the gay rights movement in the United States and around the world.

The 1968 Democratic National Convention, however, saw the most well-remembered riots in recent US history and were a strong influence towards the eventual American withdrawal from Vietnam at the end of the Vietnam War. The 2000 Democratic National Convention protest activity made headlines, including the Lakers riot. There was also a riot in Cincinnati in 2001. In the last decade the US has also seen a number of anti-globalization protests, most notable the Seattle protests of the WTO Ministerial Conference of 1999, also known as the "Battle of Seattle", and the 2005 Toledo Riot.

पोलीस प्रतिसाद

Law enforcement teams wear body armor and shields, and may use tear gas

Riots are typically dealt with by the police (riot control), although methods differ from country to country. Tactics and weapons used can include attack dogs, water cannons, plastic bullets, rubber bullets, pepper spray, flexible baton rounds, and snatch squads . Many police forces, such as the London Metropolitan Police Service, have dedicated divisions to deal with public order situations (see Territorial Support Group, Special Patrol Group, Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité, Mobiele Eenheid).

The policing of riots has been marred by incidents in which police have been accused of instigating or provoking rioting or crowd violence (see Police riot); also, while the weapons described above are officially designated as non-lethal, a number of people have allegedly died or been injured as a result of their use.

दंगलींचा समाजशास्त्रीय आणि प्रतिबंधन उपाय अभ्यास

प्रत्यक्ष फिल्डमध्ये जाऊन दंगलींच्या समाजशास्त्रीय अभ्यासाचा सर्व साधारणपणे अभाव दिसून येतो. तसेच प्रतिबंधन उपायांच्या पर्यांचा ही प्रयत्नपुर्वक अभ्यास आणि सुचवल्या गेलेल्या उपायांची अमलबजावणीची कमतरता दिसून येते. .

प्रतिबंधक उपाय

दंडात्मक कायदे आणि पोलीसदलांक्डून दंदात्म्क कारवाई, शिवाय दंगली होऊच नयेत यासाठी अफवा पसरवली जाण्यापासून दक्षता घेणे मोहोल्ला कमिटी स्थापनाकरून वेगवेगळ्या गटात संवाद आणि सामंजस्य प्रस्थापित करून देण्याचा प्रयत्न केला जातो.

दंगल विरोधी कायदे

Riot laws: Riot Act, Black Act

इंगंड आणि वेल्स

Under English law, a riot is defined by the Public Order Act 1986 as twelve or more persons who "together use or threaten unlawful violence for a common purpose and the conduct of them (taken together) is such as would cause a person of reasonable firmness present at the scene to fear for his personal safety". A single person can be liable for an offense of riot when they use violence provided that it can be shown there were at least twelve present using or threatening violence. The violence can be against the person or against property. This carries the possibility of a fine and a sentence of up to ten years' imprisonment.

If there are fewer than twelve people present, the lesser offense of "Violent Disorder" is charged, for which there is a requirement for at least three persons to use or threaten unlawful violence together. This is defined similarly to riot, but no common purpose is required.

In the past, The Riot Act had to be read by an official - with the wording exactly correct - before any policing action could take place. If the group did not disperse after the act was read, lethal force could legally be used against the crowd.

In recent times nobody has been charged with a Section 1 offense (Riot) in England and Wales. This is because if a Section 1 offense takes place the local police service are regarded as having failed and are liable to pay compensation. The best known example of this is the Poll tax demonstrations of 1990 where nobody was charged with Section 1. All were charged as though a collection of Section 2 (violent disorder involving 3 people) acts had just happened to take place in one location.

सद्य इंग्रजी कायदा

Cars are sometimes set on fire during riots

In English Law Riot forms part of the Public Order Act 1986 under section 1.

The Public Order Act 1986 s.1 states:

1) Where twelve or more persons who are present together use or threaten unlawful violence for a common purpose and the conduct of them (taken together) is such as would cause a person of reasonable firmness present at the scene to fear for his personal safety, each of the persons using unlawful violence for the common purpose is guilty of riot.

2) It is immaterial whether or not the twelve or more use or threaten unlawful violence simultaneously.

3) The common purpose may be inferred from conduct.

4) No person of reasonable firmness need actually be, or be likely to be, present at the scene.

5) Riot may be committed in private as well as in public places.

Ramifications परिणाम

• Arrestable Offence, changed to an indictable offence by the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005)
• Triable on indictment (Must be tried before a Crown court)
• Up to ten years imprisonment and/or a fine

• In the case of riot connected to football hooliganism, the offender may be banned from football grounds for a set or indeterminate period of time and may have to surrender their passport to the police for a period of time in the event of a club or international match, or international tournament, connected with the offence. This prevents travelling to the match or tournament in question. The measures were brought in as the Football (Disorder) Act 2000 after rioting of England fans at Euro 2000.

अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने

Under United States federal law, a riot is defined as A public disturbance involving (1) an act or acts of violence by one or more persons part of an assemblage of three or more persons, which act or acts shall constitute a clear and present danger of, or shall result in, damage or injury to the property of any other person or to the person of any other individual or (2) a threat or threats of the commission of an act or acts of violence by one or more persons part of an assemblage of three or more persons having, individually or collectively, the ability of immediate execution of such threat or threats, where the performance of the threatened act or acts of violence would constitute a clear and present danger of, or would result in, damage or injury to the property of any other person or to the person of any other individual. साचा:Usc.

As every state in the United States has its own laws (subject to the Supremacy Clause), each has its own definition of 'riot.' In New York State, for example, the term 'riot' is not defined explicitly, but under § 240.08 of the N.Y. Penal Law, A person is guilty of inciting to riot when he urges ten or more persons to engage in tumultuous and violent conduct of a kind likely to create public alarm.

हेही पाहा

विकिमीडिया कॉमन्सवर

Riots

संबंधित संचिका आहेत

• सार्वजनिक उपद्रव
• सार्वजनिक मालमत्ता#विद्रूपीकरण
• Civil disorder
• Collective Effervescence
• Demonstration
• Internal security
• List of riots
• Protest
• Pogrom
• पोलीस
• Rebellion
• Revolution
• Class war
• Poll Tax Riots
• Urban riots
• 2007–2008 world food price crisis
• Southern Bread Riots
• Boston Bread Riot
• Flour Riot of 1837
• 1977 Egyptian Bread Riots

लेखात प्रयुक्त संज्ञा

शब्दाचा विशेष संदर्भ/अर्थ छटा

प्रयूक्त शब्द	विशेष संदर्भ/अर्थ छटा
3	4

इंग्रजी मराठी संज्ञा

riot	दंगल
vandalism	उपद्रव ?
tear gas	अश्रूधूर
destructive	विनाशकारी
wrongful	चुकीचे ?
disproportionate	मराठी
unlawful	मराठी
illegitimate	मराठी
use of force	मराठी
concerted defiance	मराठी
disorder	मराठी
Religious Riot	धार्मिक दंगली
Rebellion	उठाव ?
Class war	मराठी
Internal security	अंतर्गत सुरक्षा
Protest	मराठी
Pogrom	मराठी
Class war	मराठी
Race riot	वांशिक दंगली
Hooliganism	झुंडशाही
इंग्रजी	मराठी
इंग्रजी	मराठी
इंग्रजी	मराठी
इंग्रजी	मराठी

संदर्भ

• Blackstones Police Manual Volume 4 General police duties, Fraser Simpson (2006). pp. 245. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-928522-5

अधिक वाचन

• Applegate, Col. Rex.
• Beene, Capt. Charles.
• Bessel, Richard Emsley, Clive.
• Hernon, Ian.
• Waddington, P.A.J.

बाह्य दुवे

• Revolution '67 Documentary about the Newark, New Jersey race riots of 1967
• Anthropologie du présent