जम्मू-काश्मीरमधील उग्रवाद

जम्मू आणि काश्मीरमधील उग्रवाद किंवा जम्मू आणि काश्मीरमधील बंड किंवा ज्याला काश्मीर इंतिफादा असेही म्हटले जाते,^[१]^[२]^[३]^[४]^[५] जम्मू आणि काश्मीरमधील भारतीय प्रशासनाविरुद्ध चालू असलेले फुटीरतावादी अतिरेकी बंड आहे. काश्मीरच्या मोठ्या भौगोलिक प्रदेशाचा नैऋत्य भाग, जो १९४७ पासून भारत आणि पाकिस्तान यांच्यातील प्रादेशिक वादाचा विषय होता, तेथे हा उग्रवाद ९० च्या दशकात चांगलाच उफाळून आला होता.

काश्मीरमध्ये अतिरेकी आणि भारतीय सुरक्षा दले यांच्यातील संघर्षात मोठ्या प्रमाणात जीवितहानी झाली आहे;^[६] विविध सशस्त्र अतिरेकी गटांनी लक्ष्य केल्यामुळे अनेक नागरिकांचाही मृत्यू झाला आहे.^[७] जम्मू आणि काश्मीर विधानसभेत जाहीर झालेल्या अधिकृत आकडेवारीनुसार , जुलै २००९ पर्यंतच्या संघर्षामुळे बेपत्ता झाल्याची ३,४०० प्रकरणे आणि ४७,०००हून अधिक लोक मरण पावले (आकृतीमध्ये ७,००० पोलीस कर्मचारी देखील आहेत).^[८] काही मानवाधिकार गट 1989 पासून अंदाजे 100,000 मृत्यूच्या उच्च आकड्याचा दावा करतात.^[९] बंडखोरीमुळे गैर-मुस्लिम अल्पसंख्याक लोकसंख्येचे मोठ्या प्रमाणावर स्थलांतर देखील झाले आहे - विशेषतःकाश्मिरी हिंदूंचे - काश्मीर खोऱ्याबाहेर.^[१०] ऑगस्ट २०१९ मध्ये जम्मू आणि काश्मीरचा विशेष दर्जा रद्द केल्यापासून , भारतीय सैन्याने या प्रदेशात बंडखोरीविरोधी कारवाया तीव्र केल्या आहेत.

हे देखील पहा[संपादन]

संदर्भ[संपादन]

^ Until My Freedom Has Come: The New Intifada in Kashmir. Penguin Books India. 2011. ISBN 9780143416470.
^ Margolis, Eric (2004). War at the Top of the World: The Struggle for Afghanistan, Kashmir and Tibet. Routledge. p. 81. ISBN 9781135955595.
^ Bose, Sumantra (2009). Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace. Harvard University Press. p. 107. ISBN 9780674028555.
^ "insurgency" (noun), Merriam-Webster Unabridged, 27 November 2019 रोजी पाहिले Quote: "The quality or state of being insurgent; specifically : a condition of revolt against a recognized government that does not reach the proportions of an organized revolutionary government and is not recognized as belligerency" (subscription required)
^ insurgency, n, Oxford English Dictionary, 27 November 2019 रोजी पाहिले Quote: "The quality or state of being insurgent; the tendency to rise in revolt; = insurgence n. = The action of rising against authority; a rising, revolt." (subscription required)
^ Uppsala Conflict Data Program Conflict Encyclopedia, Conflict Summary, India: Kashmir (entire conflict), Fatality estimates, viewed 2013-05-29, http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=74&regionSelect=6-Central_and_Southern_Asia# Archived 3 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Uppsala Conflict Data Program Conflict Encyclopedia, India One-sided violence, Government of India – civilians, Kashmir insurgents – civilians, Lashkar-e-Taiba – civilians, viewed on 2012-05-29, http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=74&regionSelect=6-Central_and_Southern_Asia# Archived 3 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
^ Reuters Editorial. "India revises Kashmir death toll to 47,000". Reuters India (इंग्रजी भाषेत). Archived from the original on 8 May 2017. 2017-05-20 रोजी पाहिले.
^ "40,000 people killed in Kashmir: India". The Express Tribune. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017.
^ Evans 2002, p. 19: "Most Kashmiri Pandits living in the Kashmir Valley left in 1990 as militant violence engulfed the state. Some 95% of the 160,000-170,000 community left in what is often described as a case of ethnic cleansing."

[2011freedomhascome-1] Until My Freedom Has Come: The New Intifada in Kashmir. Penguin Books India. 2011. ISBN 9780143416470.

[margolis2004-2] Margolis, Eric (2004). War at the Top of the World: The Struggle for Afghanistan, Kashmir and Tibet. Routledge. p. 81. ISBN 9781135955595.

[bose2009-3] Bose, Sumantra (2009). Kashmir: Roots of Conflict, Paths to Peace. Harvard University Press. p. 107. ISBN 9780674028555.

[websters_unabridged-4] "insurgency" (noun), Merriam-Webster Unabridged, 27 November 2019 रोजी पाहिले Quote: "The quality or state of being insurgent; specifically : a condition of revolt against a recognized government that does not reach the proportions of an organized revolutionary government and is not recognized as belligerency" (subscription required)

[oed_insurgency-5] insurgency, n, Oxford English Dictionary, 27 November 2019 रोजी पाहिले Quote: "The quality or state of being insurgent; the tendency to rise in revolt; = insurgence n. = The action of rising against authority; a rising, revolt." (subscription required)

[6] Uppsala Conflict Data Program Conflict Encyclopedia, Conflict Summary, India: Kashmir (entire conflict), Fatality estimates, viewed 2013-05-29, http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=74&regionSelect=6-Central_and_Southern_Asia# Archived 3 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine.

[7] Uppsala Conflict Data Program Conflict Encyclopedia, India One-sided violence, Government of India – civilians, Kashmir insurgents – civilians, Lashkar-e-Taiba – civilians, viewed on 2012-05-29, http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=74&regionSelect=6-Central_and_Southern_Asia# Archived 3 February 2013 at the Wayback Machine.

[8] Reuters Editorial. "India revises Kashmir death toll to 47,000". Reuters India (इंग्रजी भाषेत). Archived from the original on 8 May 2017. 2017-05-20 रोजी पाहिले.

[The_Express_Tribune-9] "40,000 people killed in Kashmir: India". The Express Tribune. Archived from the original on 27 February 2017.

[10] Evans 2002, p. 19: "Most Kashmiri Pandits living in the Kashmir Valley left in 1990 as militant violence engulfed the state. Some 95% of the 160,000-170,000 community left in what is often described as a case of ethnic cleansing."

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