"भारतीय अंतराळ संशोधन संस्था" च्या विविध आवृत्यांमधील फरक

विकिपीडिया, मुक्‍त ज्ञानकोशातून
Content deleted Content added
ओळ १५९: ओळ १५९:
==(Field installations) स्थळ उभारण्या==
==(Field installations) स्थळ उभारण्या==


ISRO's headquarters is located at अंतरिक्ष भवन, नविन बेल (BEL) मार्ग, [[बंगरुळ]], भारत.
ISRO's headquarters is located at अंतरिक्ष भवन, नविन बेल (BEL) मार्ग, [[Banglore|बंगरुळ]], भारत.


=== संशोधन सुविधा (Research facilities)===
=== संशोधन सुविधा (Research facilities)===

१७:५०, १३ मे २०११ ची आवृत्ती

ह्या लेखाचा/विभागाचा इंग्रजी किंवा अमराठी भाषेतून मराठी भाषेत भाषांतर करावयाचे बाकी आहे. अनुवाद करण्यास आपलाही सहयोग हवा आहे. ऑनलाईन शब्दकोश आणि इतर सहाय्या करिता भाषांतर प्रकल्पास भेट द्या.


साचा:Infobox Space agency


भारतीय अंतराळ संशोधन संस्था ही भारत सरकारच्या आधिपत्याखालील अंतराळ संशोधन करणारी एक मुलभूत संस्था आहे. ही जगातील अग्रगण्य संशोधन संस्थांपैकी एक आहे. पुर्वीपासुन करण्यात आलेल्या सततच्या विविध प्रयत्नांमुळे, सन १९६९ मध्ये तिचे आधुनिकिकरण करण्यात आले. भारत व विदेशातील अनेकांसाठी,अनेक शास्त्रज्ञांच्या मार्गदर्शनाखाली 'इस्रो' (Indian Space Research Organisation-(ISRO) चे मराठीलघु रुप) ने, त्याच्या प्रक्षेपण यानाच्या ताफ्याचे सहाय्याने अनेक कार्यक्रम पुर्ण केले. इस्रो पाशी त्यांच्या स्वतःच्या अनेक उभारण्या आहेत व त्यांच्या द्विपक्षीय आणि अनेकपक्षी करारांमुळे ते जागतीक समुहासमवेत सहकार्य करते.

पूर्वकाळ

डॉ.विक्रम साराभाई, भारतीय अंतराळ कार्यक्रमाचे जनक

सध्याचे भारताचे आधुनिक अंतराळ संशोधन याचा मागोवा कलकत्ता येथील शास्त्रज्ञ एस. के. मित्रा यांचे कार्यापर्यंत पोचतो ज्यांनी सन १९२० मध्ये आयनोस्फिअर व रेडियो याबाबत अनेक प्रयोग केलेत.[१] त्यानंतर सी.व्ही. रमणमेघनाद साहा? सारख्या अनेक भारतीय शास्त्रज्ञांनी अंतराळ संशोधनासाठी आवश्यक असलेल्या शास्त्रीय तत्वात योगदान केले.[१] तसे, सन १९४५ नंतरचा काळात अंतराळ संशोधनात भारताची बरीच प्रगती झाली.[१] अहमदाबाद येथील भौतिक संशोधन प्रयोगशाळा सुरु करणारे विक्रम साराभाईहोमी भाभा ,ज्यांनी सन १९४५ मध्ये टाटा ईंस्टिट्युट ऑफ फंडामेंटल रिसर्च च्या उभारणीत महत्वाची भूमिका निभावली,या दोघांचा भारताच्या संघटीत अंतराळ संशोधनात मोलाचा वाटा आहे.[१] अंतराळ संशोधनातील प्राथमिक प्रयोगात, वैश्विक किरण, अत्युच्च पातळीवर व अवकाशात अनेक उपकरणांची तपासणी आणि कोलार येथील खाणीत,(जी जगात सर्वात खोल खाणींपैकी एक समजली जाते) भुगर्भाच्या बरेच आत,अनेक महत्त्वाचे प्रयोग इत्यादींचा, तसेच,पृथ्विच्या वरील वातावरणाचा अभ्यास आदींचा समावेश होतो.[२] हा अभ्यास संशोधन प्रयोगशाळेत, अनेक विद्यापिठात आणि वेगवेगळ्या स्वतंत्र जागेत केल्या गेला.[२][३] सन १९५० मध्ये यात सरकारचा दृश्य सहभाग दिसुन आला जेंव्हा भारत सरकारने अणू उर्जा खात्याची स्थापना केली व होमी भाभा यांना त्याचे सचिव म्हणुन नेमले.[३]

भारतीय अणू उर्जा खात्याने भारतभर अवकाश संशोधनासाठी पैसा पुरविणे सुरु केले.[४]मुंबईत कुलाबा येथे सन १८२३ मध्ये वेधशाळा सुरु केल्यापासुन पृथ्वीच्या चुंबकीय क्षेत्राबाबत भारतात प्रयोग सुरु आहेत. त्यामुळे, भूगर्भशास्त्राविषयी महत्त्वाची माहिती मिळत गेली. उत्तर प्रदेश राज्यामधील हिमालयाच्या पायथ्याशी सन १९५४ मध्ये एक वेधशाळाही स्थापन करण्यात आली.[३] त्यानंतर, हैद्राबाद येथे उस्मानिया विद्यापीठात रंगापूर वेधशाळाही स्थापन करण्यात आली.[३] या दोन्ही वेधशाळेस संयुक्त राज्य अमेरीकेचे तांत्रिक व शास्त्रीय पाठबळ मिळाले.[३]भारताचे पंतप्रधान जवाहरलाल नेहरुंनी अवकाश संशोधन कार्यक्रमास पुढे प्रोत्साहन दिले.[४] सन १९५७ मध्ये सोव्हिएत संघाने स्फुटनिकचे यशस्विरित्या प्रक्षेपण करून संपूर्ण जगास अवकाश प्रक्षेपणाचा मार्ग खुला करून दिला.[४]भारतीय राष्ट्रीय अवकाश संशोधन समितीची (INCOSPAR) सन १९६२ मध्ये स्थापना करण्यात येउन विक्रम साराभाई यांना त्याचे अध्यक्षपद देण्यात आले.[४] सन १९६० मध्ये सुरुवात करुन,सोव्हिएत संघा सोबतच्या मजबुत गठबंधनाने, इस्रोस त्याचा अवकाश कार्यक्रम व भारतात अणू उर्जा कार्यक्रम राबविणे सोपे झाले.हे, दि. १८ मे १९७४ ला पोखरण येथे हसरा बुद्ध या संकेतिक नावांतर्गत भारताचा प्रथम चाचणी अणुस्फोट केल्यानंतरही सुरु होते.[५] दि.२४ जानेवारी १९६६ रोजी होमी भाभा यांचा विमान अपघातात झालेला मृत्यु हा भारताच्या अवकाश कार्यक्रमास बसलेला एक मोठा धक्का होता.[६] भाभांच्या मृत्युनंतर, साराभाई यांना अणू उर्जा कमिशन चे अध्यक्ष म्हणून व अणू उर्जा खात्याचे सचिव म्हणुन नेमले गेले.[६] सन १९६० या वर्षाने, अवकाश विज्ञान व तंत्रज्ञान केंद्र आणि प्रायोगिक उपग्रह दळणवळण भूस्थानकाचे श्रीहरीकोटा तळ, तसेच भारतीय उपग्रह प्रणाली प्रकल्प याची पण स्थापना पाहिली.[६] सन १९६९ मध्ये, विक्रम साराभाई भारतीय अंतराळ संशोधन संस्थेस आधुनिक रुप दिले.[६] ही संस्था भारतीय गणराज्याच्या सर्व अवकाश कार्यक्रमांचे नियंत्रण घेणार होती.[६]

ध्येय व उद्दीष्टे

इस्रो चा मुळ उद्देश अवकाश तंत्रज्ञानाचा विकास करणे व त्याचा उपयोग विविध राष्ट्रीय कार्यात करणे हा भारतीय अंतराळ विकास कार्यक्रम डॉ.विक्रम साराभाई यांच्या दुरदृष्टीत्वाने चालला होता.त्यांना भारतीय अंतराळ कार्यक्रमाचे जनक समजल्या जाते.

त्यांनी नमुद केल्याप्रमाणे काही आहेत कि जे विकसनशील राष्ट्रांमध्ये अंतराळ कार्यक्रमाच्या समर्पकतेबद्दल प्रश्न करतात. आमच्यासाठी याचे हेतुबद्दल काहीच असंदिग्धता किंवा शंका नाही. आम्हाला आर्थिक दृष्ट्या प्रगत राष्ट्रांशी, चंद्राच्या शोधाबद्दल, ग्रह वा मानवासहित अवकाश उड्डाणाबद्दल चढाओढ करण्याबद्दल काहीच स्वारस्य नाही .पण,राष्ट्रात व राष्ट्रांच्या समुहात जर आम्हास अर्थपूर्ण भूमिका निभवायची असेल तर,आम्ही मानवांचे व समाजाचे खरेखुरे प्रश्न सोडविण्यास प्रगत तंत्रज्ञानाचा वापर करण्यास प्रथम राहू डॉ.अब्दुल कलाम यांनी दर्शविल्याप्रमाणे: अनेक संकुचित दृष्टीच्या लोकांनी हा प्रश्न उपस्थित केला की, नुकत्याच स्वतंत्र झालेल्या व ज्यास आपल्या लोकसंख्येला अन्न खाउ घालणेही कठीण, अशा देशाने अवकाश कार्यक्रम राबविण्याची समर्पकता ती काय ?.... त्यांची दृष्टी स्वच्छ होती. भारतीयांना अनेक देशांच्या समूहात जर अर्थपूर्ण भूमिका निभवायची असेल तर त्यांच्या जीवनातील खऱ्याखूऱ्या प्रश्नांसमवेतच तंत्रज्ञानाचा अवलंब करण्यासही ते प्रथम क्रमांकावरच हवेत. त्यामागे, त्यास आपल्या सामर्थ्यप्रदर्शनाचे माध्यम म्हणून वापरण्याचा त्यांचा हेतू नव्हता.

भारताच्या आर्थिक प्रगतीने त्यांचा अंतराळ कार्यक्रम ठळकपणे व प्रामुख्याने दिसू लागला.अंतराळ तंत्रज्ञानात जास्तीत जास्त स्वयंपु‍णतेची या देशाची भुमिका राहिली न्युजविक या प्रसिद्ध दैनिकाचे लेखक हेणॉक (Hennock) नुसार,भारत त्याच्या अंतराळ शोधास त्यांच्या राष्ट्रिय मानबिंदुशी जोडते.पुढे ते म्हणतात, 'या वर्षी भारताने एकुण ११ उपग्रह प्रक्षेपित केले,ज्यातील ९ हे इतर देशांचे होते. तो १० उपग्रह एकाच अग्नीबाणाने प्रक्षेपित करणारा पहिला देश आहे.'

प्रक्षेपण यानांचा ताफा

भारतीय वाहक अग्नीबाण-डावीकडून उजवीकडे अनुक्रमे:एस एल व्ही, एस एल व्ही, ए एस एल व्ही, पी एस एल व्ही, जी एस एल व्ही, जी एस एल व्ही-३.

१९६० व १९७० च्या दशकात जागतीक राजकारण व आर्थिक बाबींच्या विचाराने,भारतास स्वतःचा प्रक्षेपण यान कार्यक्रम राबविणे भाग पडले.[७] प्रथम स्तरात,(१९६०-१९७० चे दशक)भारताने आपला दणदणीत अग्नीबाण विकास कार्यक्रम पूर्ण केला.१९८० च्या दशकात, संशोधनाने उपग्रह प्रक्षेपण यान-३ चे उत्पादन केल्या गेले, आणि अतिप्रगत असे Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle (ASLV),संपूर्ण कार्यरत अशा साधनंसह.[७] इस्रोने तद नंतर संपूर्ण कार्यक्षमता धृवीय उपग्रह प्रक्षेपणभूस्थिर उपग्रह यान बनविन्यावर केंद्रीत केली. [७]

उपग्रह प्रक्षेपण यान (SLV)

Status: Decommissioned

भारतीय उपग्रह प्रक्षेपण यानाचे काम १९७० मध्य इस्रो ने सुरू केले. ह्या कामाचे प्रोजेक्ट लीडर डॉ. ए.पी.जे. अब्दुल कलाम होते. उपग्रह प्रक्षेपण यानाने ४०० कि.मी. ची उंची गाठावी असा ह्या कामाचा मुख्य उद्देश होता. उपग्रह प्रक्षेपण यान हे चार स्टेज रॉकेट आहे व ह्याच्या प्रत्येक स्टेज मध्ये सॉलीड प्रोपेलंट मोटार्स वापरल्या जातात.[८] यातील प्रथम प्रक्षेपण सन १९७९ मध्ये झाले त्यानंतर प्रत्येक साली प्रत्येकी २.[९]

सुधारीत उपग्रह प्रक्षेपण यान (ASLV)

Status: Decommissioned

The Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle, usually known by its abbreviation ASLV was a 5-stage solid propellant rocket with the capability of placing a 150 kg satellite into LEO. This project was started by the ISRO during the early 1980s to develop technologies needed for a payload to be placed into a geostationary orbit. Its design was based on Satellite Launch Vehicle.[१०] The first launch test was held in 1987, and after that 3 others followed in 1988, 1992 and 1994, out of which only 2 were successful, before it was decommissioned.[९]

धृविय उपग्रह प्रक्षेपण यान (PSLV)

स्थिती : Active

The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle, usually known by its abbreviation PSLV, is an expendable launch system developed to allow India to launch its Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites into sun synchronous orbits, a service that was, until the advent of the PSLV, commercially viable only from Russia. PSLV can also launch small satellites into geostationary transfer orbit (GTO). The reliability and versatility of the PSLV is proven by the fact that it has launched 30 spacecraft (14 Indian and 16 from other countries) into a variety of orbits so far.[११] In April 2008, it successfully launched 10 satellites at once, breaking a world record held by Russia.[१२]

भूस्थिर उपग्रह प्रक्षेपण यान (GSLV)

स्थिती: Active

The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle, usually known by its abbreviation GSLV, is an expendable launch system developed to enable India to launch its INSAT-type satellites into geostationary orbit and to make India less dependent on foreign rockets. At present, it is ISRO's heaviest satellite launch vehicle and is capable of putting a total payload of up to 5 tons to Low Earth Orbit.

भूस्थिर उपग्रह प्रक्षेपण यान-३ (GSLV III)

स्थिती: Development

The Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle Mark-III is a launch vehicle currently under development by the Indian Space Research Organization. It is intended to launch heavy satellites into geostationary orbit, and will allow India to become less dependent on foreign rockets for heavy lifting. The rocket is the technological successor to the GSLV, however is not derived from its predecessor. The maiden flight is scheduled to take place in 2010.[१३]

भूनिरिक्षण व दळणवळण उपग्रह

इन्सॅट-१ ब
भारताचा प्रथम उपग्रह आर्यभट्ट, याचे सन १९७५ मध्ये सोव्हियत रशिया द्वारे प्रक्षेपण केले गेले. त्यानंतर रोहिणी क्रमावलीतील प्रयोगीक उपग्रह हे तयार करून प्रक्षेपीत केल्या गेले. सध्या ईस्रो पाशी अनेक भूपाहणी उपग्रह आहेत.

इन्सॅट क्रमावली

भारतीय राष्ट्रीय उपग्रह प्रणाली INSAT (Indian National Satellite System) is a series of multipurpose geostationary satellites launched by ISRO to satisfy the telecommunications, broadcasting, meteorology and search-and-rescue needs of India. Commissioned in 1983, INSAT is the largest domestic communication system in the Asia-Pacific Region. It is a joint venture of the Department of Space, Department of Telecommunications, India Meteorological Department, All India Radio and Doordarshan. The overall coordination and management of INSAT system rests with the Secretary-level INSAT Coordination Committee.

सुदूर संवेदन क्रमावली

Indian Remote Sensing satellites (IRS) are a series of earth observation satellites, built, launched and maintained by ISRO. The IRS series provides remote sensing services to the country. The Indian Remote Sensing Satellite system is the largest constellation of remote sensing satellites for civilian use in operation today in the world. All the satellites are placed in polar sun-synchronous orbit and provide data in a variety of spatial, spectral and temporal resolutions to enable several programs to be undertaken relevant to national development.

ओशनसॅट क्रमावली

Oceansat are a series of satellites to primarily study ocean, part of IRS Series. IRS P4 is also known as Oceansat-1, was launched on 27th May, 1999. On 23rd September, 2009 Oceansat-2 was launched.

इतर उपग्रह

ISRO has also launched a set of experimental geostationary satellites known as the GSAT series. Kalpana-1, ISRO's first dedicated meteorological satellite, was launched by the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle on September 12, 2002. The satellite was originally known as MetSat-1. In February 2003 it was renamed to Kalpana-1 by the then Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in memory of Kalpana Chawla – a NASA astronaut who perished in Space Shuttle Columbia.

पृथ्विपल्याडचे संशोधन (Extraterrestrial Explorations)

चित्र:Chandrayaan-03 MIP.jpg
Moon Impact Probe designed for Lunar impact.

भारताचे पृथ्विपल्याडचे पहिले mission was Chandrayaan-1, a lunar spacecraft which successfully entered the lunar orbit on November 8, 2008. ISRO plans to follow up Chandrayaan-1 with Chandrayaan-2 and unmanned missions to Mars and Near-Earth objects such as asteroids and comets.

चांद्रयान-१

मुख्य पान: चंद्रयान-१

Chandrayaan-1 (संस्कृत : चंद्रयान-१) is India's first mission to the moon. The unmanned lunar exploration mission includes a lunar orbiter and an impactor called the Moon Impact Probe. India launched the spacecraft using a modified version of the PSLV C11 on 22 October 2008 from Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota. The vehicle was successfully inserted into lunar orbit on 8 November 2008. It carries high-resolution remote sensing equipment for visible, near infrared, and soft and hard X-ray frequencies. Over its two-year operational period, it is intended to survey the lunar surface to produce a complete map of its chemical characteristics and 3-dimensional topography. The polar regions are of special interest, as they might contain ice. The lunar mission carries five ISRO payloads and six payloads from other international space agencies including NASA, ESA, and the Bulgarian Aerospace Agency, which were carried free of cost. The Chandrayaan-1 along with NASA's LRO played a major role in discovering the existence of water on the moon.[१४]

मंगळ स्वारी (Mars mission)

The Indian Space Research Organisation had begun preparations for a mission to Mars and had received seed money of Rs10 crore from the government.The space agency was looking at launch opportunities between 2013 and 2015.[१५] The space agency would use its Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) to put the satellite in orbit and was considering using ion-thrusters, liquid engines or nuclear power to propel it further towards Mars.[१६] The Mars mission studies had already been completed and that space scientists were trying to collect scientific proposals and scientific objectives.[१७]

मानव अवकाशोड्डान कार्यक्रम (Human spaceflight program)

चित्र:ISRO-sre02.jpg
Indian Navy Frogmen recovering the SRE-1

The Indian Space Research Organization has been sanctioned a budget of Rs. 12,400 crore for its human spaceflight program. According to the Space Commission which passed the budget, an unmanned flight will be launched in 2013-2014 and manned mission likely to launch by 2014-2015.[१८] If realized in the stated time-frame, India will become only the fourth nation, after the USSR, USA and China, to successfully carry out manned missions indigenously.

तंत्रज्ञानाचे प्रदर्शन (Technology demonstration)

The Space Capsule Recovery Experiment (SCRE or more commonly SRE or SRE-1) is an experimental Indian spacecraft which was launched using the PSLV C7 rocket, along with three other satellites. It remained in orbit for 12 days before re-entering the Earth's atmosphere and splashing down into the Bay of Bengal.

The SRE-1 was designed to demonstrate the capability to recover an orbiting space capsule, and the technology for performing experiments in the microgravity conditions of an orbiting platform. It was also intended to test thermal protection, navigation, guidance, control, deceleration and flotation systems, as well as study hypersonic aero-thermodynamics, management of communication blackouts, and recovery operations.

ISRO also plans to launch SRE-2 and SRE-3 in the near future to test advanced re-entry technology for future manned missions.

अवकाशवैमानिक प्रशिक्षण व इतर सुविधा (Astronaut training and other facilities)

ISRO will set up an astronaut training centre in Bangalore by 2012 to prepare personnel for flights onboard the crewed vehicle. The centre will use water simulation to train the selected astronauts in rescue and recovery operations and survival in zero gravity, and will undertake studies of the radiation environment of space.

ISRO will build centrifuges to prepare astronauts for the acceleration phase of the mission. It also plans to build a new launchpad to meet the target of launching a manned space mission by 2015. This would be the third launchpad at the Satish Dhawan Space Centre, Sriharikota.

अवकाशवैमानिकांसाठी यानाचा विकास (Development of crew vehicle)

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) is working towards a maiden manned Indian space mission vehicle that can carry three astronauts for seven days in a near earth orbit. The Indian manned spacecraft temporarily named as Orbital Vehicle intend to be the basis of indigenous Indian human spaceflight program.

The capsule will be designed to carry three people, and a planned upgraded version will be equipped with a rendezvous and docking capability. In its maiden manned mission, ISRO's largely autonomous 3-ton capsule will orbit the Earth at 248 miles (400 km) in altitude for up to seven days with a two-person crew on board. The crew vehicle would launch atop of ISRO's GSLV Mk II, currently under development. The GSLV Mk II features an indigenously developed cryogenic upper-stage engine.[१९]

ग्रह विज्ञान व अवकाशविज्ञान (Planetary Sciences and Astronomy)

Indian space era dawned when the first two-stage sounding rocket was launched from Thumba in 1963. However even before this epoch making event, noteworthy contributions were made by the Indian scientists in the following areas of space science research:

  • Cosmic rays and high energy astronomy using both ground based as well as balloon borne experiments/studies such as neutron/meson monitors, Geiger Muller particle detectors/counters etc.
  • Ionospheric research using ground based radio propagation techniques such as ionosonde, VLF/HF/VHF radio probing, a chain of magnetometer stations etc.
  • Upper atmospheric research using ground based optical techniques such as Dobson spectrometers for measurement of total ozone content, air glow photometers etc.
  • Indian astronomers have been carrying out major investigations using a number of ground based optical and radio telescopes with varying sophistication.

With the advent of the Indian space program, emphasis was laid on indigenous, self-reliant and state-of-the-art development of technology for immediate practical applications in the fields of space science research activities in the country.

There is a national balloon launching facility at Hyderabad jointly supported by TIFR and ISRO. This facility has been extensively used for carrying out research in high energy (i.e., x- and gamma ray) astronomy, IR astronomy, middle atmospheric trace constituents including CFCs & aerosols, ionisation, electric conductivity and electric fields.

The flux of secondary particles and X-ray and gamma-rays of atmospheric origin produced by the interaction of the cosmic rays is very low. This low background, in the presence of which one has to detect the feeble signal from cosmic sources is a major advantage in conducting hard X-ray observations from India. The second advantage is that many bright sources like Cyg X-1, Crab Nebula, Scorpius X-1 and Galactic Centre sources are observable from Hyderabad due to their favourable declination. With these considerations, an X-Ray astronomy group was formed at TIFR in 1967 and development of an instrument with an orientable X-Ray telescope for hard X-Ray observations was undertaken. The first balloon flight with the new instrument was made on 28, April 1968 in which observations of Scorpius X-1 were successfully carried out. In a succession of balloon flights made with this instrument between 1968 and 1974 a number of binary X-ray sources including Scorpious X-1, Cyg X-1, Her X-1 etc. and the diffuse cosmic X-ray background were studied. Many new and astrophysically important results were obtained from these observations.[२०]

One of most important achievements of ISRO in this field was the discovery of three species of bacteria in the upper stratosphere at an altitude of between 20–40 km. The bacteria, highly resistant to ultra-violet radiation, are not found elsewhere on Earth, leading to speculation on whether they are extraterrestrial in origin. These three bacteria can be considered to be extremophiles. Until then, the upper stratosphere was believed to be inhospitable because of the high doses of Ultra-violet radiation. The bacteria were named as Bacillus isronensis in recognition of ISRO's contribution in the balloon experiments, which led to its discovery, Bacillus aryabhata after India's celebrated ancient astronomer Aryabhata and Janibacter Hoylei after the distinguished Astrophysicist Fred Hoyle.[२१]

(Field installations) स्थळ उभारण्या

ISRO's headquarters is located at अंतरिक्ष भवन, नविन बेल (BEL) मार्ग, बंगरुळ, भारत.

संशोधन सुविधा (Research facilities)

Facility Location Description
Physical Research Laboratory Ahmedabad Solar planetary physics, infrared astronomy, geo-cosmo physics, plasma physics, astrophysics, archaeology, and hydrology are some of the branches of study at this institute.[२२] An observatory at Udaipur also falls under the control of this institution.[२२]
Semi-Conductor Laboratory Chandigarh Research & Development in the field of semiconductor technology, micro-electromechanical systems and process technologies relating to semiconductor processing.
National Atmospheric Research Laboratory Chittoor The NARL carries out fundamental and applied research in Atmospheric and Space Sciences.
Raman Research Institute (RRI) Bangalore RRI carries out research in selected areas of physics, such as astrophysics and astronomy.
Space Applications Centre Ahmedabad The SAC deals with the various aspects of practical use of space technology.[२२] Among the fields of research at the SAC are geodesy, satellite based telecommunications, surveying, remote sensing, meteorology, environment monitoring etc.[२२] The SEC additionally operates the Delhi Earth Station.[२३]

तपास सुविधा (Test facilities)

Facility Location Description
Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre Bangalore, Thiruvanthapuram, and Mahendragiri The LPSC handles testing and implementation of liquid propulsion control packages and helps develop engines for launch vehicles and satellites.[२२] The testing is largely conducted at Mahendragiri.[२२] The LPSC also constructs precision transducers.[२४]

बांधणी व प्रक्षेपण सुविधा (Construction and launch facilities)

Facility Location Description
ISRO Satellite Centre Bangalore The venue of eight successful spacecraft projects is also one of the main satellite technology bases of ISRO. The facility serves as a venue for implementing indigenous spacecrafts in India.[२२] The satellites Ayrabhata, Bhaskara, APPLE, and IRS-1A were constructed at this site, and the IRS and INSAT satellite series are presently under development here.[२४]
Satish Dhawan Space Centre Andhra Pradesh With multiple sub-sites the Sriharikota island facility acts as a launching site for India's satellites.[२२] The Sriharikota facility is also the main launch base for India's sounding rockets.[२४] The centre is also home to India's largest Solid Propellant Space Booster Plant (SPROB) and houses the Static Test and Evaluation Complex (STEX).[२४]
Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre Thiruvanthapuram The largest ISRO base is also the main technical centre and the venue of development of the SLV-3, ASLV, and PSLV series.[२२] The base supports India's Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station and the Rohini Sounding Rocket program.[२२] This facility is also developing the GSLV series.[२२]
Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station Thumba TERLS is used to launch sounding rockets.

मागोवा व नियंत्रण सुविधा (Tracking and control facilities)

Facility Location Description
Indian Deep Space Network (IDSN) Bangalore This network receives, processes, archives and distributes the spacecraft health data and payload data in real time. It can track and monitor satellites up to very large distances, even beyond the Moon.
National Remote Sensing Agency Hyderabad The NRSA applies remote sensing to manage natural resources and study aerial surveying.[२२] With centres at Balanagar and Shadnagar it also has training facilities at Dehradun in form of the Indian Institute of Remote Sensing.[२२]
Indian Space Research Organisation Telemetry, Tracking and Command Network Bangalore (headquarters) and a number of ground stations throughout India and World.[२३] Software development, ground operations, Tracking Telemetry and Command (TTC), and support is provided by this institution.[२२] ISTRAC has Tracking stations throughout the country and all over the world in Port Louis (Mauritius), Bearslake (Russia), Biak (Indonesia) and Brunei.
Master Control Facility Hassan; Bhopal Geostationary satellite orbit raising, payload testing, and in-orbit operations are performed at this facility.[२५] The MCF has earth stations and Satellite Control Centre (SCC) for controlling satellites.[२५] A second MCF-like facility named 'MCF-B' is being constructed at Bhopal.[२५]

Human resource development

Facility Location Description
Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST) Thiruvananthapuram The institute offers undergraduate and graduate courses in avionics and aerospace engineering.
Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) Bangalore IIA is a premier institute devoted to research in astronomy, astrophysics and related physics.
Development and Educational Communication Unit Ahmedabad The centre works for education, research, and training, mainly in conjunction with the INSAT program.[२२] The main activities carried out at DECU include GRAMSAT and EDUSAT projects.[२४] The Training and Development Communication Channel (TDCC) also falls under the operational control of the DECU.[२३]

वाणिज्यिक शाखा (Commercial wing)

Facility Location Description
Antrix Corporation Bangalore The marketing agency under government control markets ISRO's hardware, manpower, and software.[२५]

Other facilities include:

चित्र:SHARPanoramicview.jpg
Satish Dhawan Space Centre

भविष्याचा वेध

A model of the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle III.
A model of the RLV-TD

ISRO plans to launch a number of new-generation Earth Observation Satellites in the near future. It will also undertake the development of new launch vehicles and spacecraft. ISRO has stated that it will send unmanned missions to Mars and Near-Earth Objects.

भारतीय चांद्र संशोधन कार्यक्रम (Indian lunar exploration program)

  • Following the success of Chandrayaan-1, the country's first moon mission, ISRO is planning a series of further lunar missions in the next decade, including a manned mission which is stated to take place in 2020 – approximately the same time as the China National Space Administration (CNSA) manned lunar mission and NASA's Project Constellation plans to return to the moon with its Orion-Altair project.
  • Chandrayaan-2 (Sanskrit: चंद्रयान-२) is the second unmanned lunar exploration mission proposed by ISRO at a projected cost of Rs. 425 crore (US$ 90 million). The mission includes a lunar orbiter as well as a lander/rover. The wheeled rover will move on the lunar surface and pick up soil or rock samples for on-site chemical analysis. The data will be sent to Earth via the orbiter.

अवकाश संशोधन (Space exploration)

  • ISRO plans to carry out an unmanned mission to Mars in this decade. According to ISRO, the Mars mission remains at a conceptual stage but is expected to be finalised shortly. The current version of India's geo-synchronous satellite launch vehicle will be used to loft the new craft into space.[२६]
  • ISRO is designing a solar probe named Aditya. This is a mini-satellite designed to study the coupling between the sun and the earth. It is planned to be launched in 2012.

IRNSS

मुख्य पान: IRNSS

The Indian Regional Navigational Satellite System (IRNSS) is an autonomous regional satellite navigation system being developed by Indian Space Research Organisation which would be under total control of Indian government. The requirement of such a navigation system is driven by the fact that access to Global Navigation Satellite Systems like GPS are not guaranteed in hostile situations. ISRO plans to launch the constellation of satellites between 2010 and 2012.

नवीन प्रक्षेपण यानांचा विकास (Development of new launch vehicles)

ISRO is currently developing two new-generation launch vehicles, the GSLV-Mk III and the AVATAR RLV. These launch vehicles will increase ISRO's present launch capability and provide India with a greater share of the global satellite launch market.

व्यावहारीक उपयोग (Applications)

India uses its satellites communication network – one of the largest in the world – for applications such as land management, water resources management, natural disaster forecasting, radio networking, weather forecasting, meteorological imaging and computer communication.[२७] Business, administrative services, and schemes such as the National Informatics Centre (NICNET) are direct beneficiaries of applied satellite technology.[२७] Dinshaw Mistry—on the subject of practical applications of the Indian space program—writes:

The INSAT-2 satellites also provide telephone links to remote areas; data transmission for organizations such as the National Stock Exchange; mobile satellite service communications for private operators, railways, and road transport; and broadcast satellite services, used by India’s state-owned television agency as well as commercial television channels. India’s Edusat (Educational Satellite), launched aboard the GSLV in 2004, was intended for adult literacy and distance learning applications in rural areas. It augmented and would eventually replace such capabilities already provided by INSAT-3B.

The IRS satellites have found applications with the Indian Natural Resource Management program, with regional Remote Sensing Service Centers in five Indian cities, and with Remote Sensing Application Centers in twenty Indian states that use IRS images for economic development applications. These include environmental monitoring, analyzing soil erosion and the impact of soil conservation measures, forestry management, determining land cover for wildlife sanctuaries, delineating groundwater potential zones, flood inundation mapping, drought monitoring, estimating crop acreage and deriving agricultural production estimates, fisheries monitoring, mining and geological applications such as surveying metal and mineral deposits, and urban planning.

India’s satellites and satellite launch vehicles have had military spin-offs. While India’s 93–124 mile (150–250 km) range Prithvi missile is not derived from the Indian space program, the intermediate range Agni missile is drawn from the Indian space program’s SLV-3. In its early years, when headed by Vikram Sarabhai and Satish Dhawan, ISRO opposed military applications for its dual-use projects such as the SLV-3. Eventually, however, the Defence Research and Development (DRDO)–based missile program borrowed human resources and technology from ISRO. Missile scientist A. P. J. Abdul Kalam (elected president of India in 2002), who had headed the SLV-3 project at ISRO, moved to DRDO to direct India’s missile program. About a dozen scientists accompanied Abdul Kalam from ISRO to DRDO, where Abdul Kalam designed the Agni missile using the SLV-3’s solidfuel first stage and a liquid-fuel (Prithvi-missile-derived) second stage. The IRS and INSAT satellites were primarily intended and used for civilian-economic applications, but they also offered military spin-offs. In 1996 New Delhi’s Ministry of Defence temporarily blocked the use of IRS-1C by India’s environmental and agricultural ministries in order to monitor ballistic missiles near India’s borders. In 1997 the Indian air force’s “Airpower Doctrine” aspired to use space assets for surveillance and battle management.[२८]

Institutions like the Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) and the Indian Institute of Technology use satellites for scholarly applications.[२९] Between 1975 and 1976, India conducted its largest sociological program using space technology, reaching 2400 villages through video programming in local languages aimed at educational development via ATS-6 technology developed by NASA.[३०] This experiment—named Satellite Instructional Television Experiment (SITE)—conducted large scale video broadcasts resulting in significant improvement in rural education.[३०]

ISRO has applied its technology to "telemedicine", directly connecting patients in rural areas to medical professionals in urban locations via satellites.[२९] Since high-quality healthcare is not universally available in some of the remote areas of India, the patients in remote areas are diagnosed and analyzed by doctors in urban centres in real time via video conferencing.[२९] The patient is then advised medicine and treatment.[२९] The patient is then treated by the staff at one of the 'super-specialty hospitals' under instructions from the doctor.[२९] Mobile telemedicine vans are also deployed to visit locations in far-flung areas and provide diagnosis and support to patients.[२९]

ISRO has also helped implement India's Biodiversity Information System, completed in October 2002.[३१] Nirupa Sen details the program: "Based on intensive field sampling and mapping using satellite remote sensing and geospatial modelling tools, maps have been made of vegetation cover on a 1 : 250,000 scale. This has been put together in a web-enabled database which links gene-level information of plant species with spatial information in a BIOSPEC database of the ecological hot spot regions, namely northeastern India, Western Ghats, Western Himalayas and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. This has been made possible with collaboration between the Department of Biotechnology and ISRO."[३१]

The Indian IRS-P5 (CARTOSAT-1) was equipped with high-resolution panchromatic equipment to enable it for cartographic purposes.[३२] IRS-P5 (CARTOSAT-1) was followed by a more advanced model named IRS-P6 developed also for agricultural applications.[३२] The CARTOSAT-2 project, equipped with single panchromatic camera which supported scene-specific on-spot images, succeed the CARTOSAT-1 project.[३३]

वैश्विक सहयोग (Global cooperation)

ISRO has had the benefit of International cooperation since inception.

ISRO and the Department of Space have signed formal Memorandum of Understanding agreements with a number of foreign political entities.

India carries out joint operations with foreign space agencies, such as the Indo-French Megha-Tropiques Mission.[३४] On 25 June 2002 India and the European Union agreed to bilateral cooperation in the field of science and technology.[३५] A joint EU-India group of scholars was formed on 23 November, 2001 to further promote joint research and development.[३५] India holds observer status at CERN while a joint India-EU Software Education and Development Center is due at Bangalore.[३५]

व्यक्ती (People)

Person Period Contribution
Homi Jehangir Bhabha Born: October 30, 1909 – Deceased: January 24, 1966 Homi Bhabha helped establish the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in 1945, and by 1950 was appointed secretary of the Department of Atomic Energy in charge of space research in India.[३६] He served as chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission and secretary of the Department of Atomic Energy until his death in an air crash on January 24, 1966.[३६]
Vikram Sarabhai Born: August 12, 1919 – Deceased: December 31, 1971 Sarabhai established the Physical Research Laboratory (PRL), Ahmedabad; Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram; Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad; Faster Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR), Kalpakkam; Variable Energy Cyclotron Project, Calcutta; Electronics Corporation of India Limited (ECIL), Hyderabad; and the Uranium Corporation of India Limited (UCIL), Jaduguda, Bihar.[३७] He served as chairman of the Indian National Committee for Space Research (INCOSPAR) in 1962 and, following the death of Homi Bhabha, was sent to assume Bhabha's place as chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission and secretary of the Department of Atomic Energy.[३८] Sarabhai formally set up ISRO in its modern avatar in 1969.[३८]
Satish Dhawan Born: 25 September 1920– Deceased: 3 January 2002 Dhawan was appointed as the chairman of the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) in 1972.[३९] He was also the secretary in India's Department of Space.[३९] His long tenure was marked with several successes and rapid development of India's space program.[४०]
Rakesh Sharma Born: January 13, 1949 On April 3, 1984, Rakesh Sharma along with Gennady Strekalov and Yury Malyshev successfully docked with the Salyut 7 station abroad the Soviet Soyuz T-11.[४१] Rakesh Sharma became the first Indian citizen to travel into space, and was awarded the Soviet honor Hero of Soviet Union and the Indian Ashoka Chakra for this mission.[४१][४२]
Raja Ramanna Born: 1925 - Deceased: September 23, 2004 Raja Ramanna served as the director of the Bhaba Atomic Research Centre (1972–78 and 1981–83); Director-General, DRDO; secretary for defense research, Government of India (1978-81); chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission between 1984–87; director of the National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bangalore; minister of state for defense in the Indian cabinet between January–November 1990; member of the Rajya Sabha between August 1997–August 2003; and as a member of the India's first National Security Advisory Board.[४३]
Abdul Kalam Born: October 15, 1931 A.P.J. Abdul Kalam contributed significantly to the Indian nuclear program, the Indian space program, and several defense projects.[४४] He served as the director of the SLV-3 project.[४४] After serving successfully with the ISRO Kalam moved on to the DRDO where he served as the director.[४४] In the DRDO he was in charge of the development of several missiles including the Nag, Prithvi, Akash, Trishul, and Agni series.[४४] He was chosen as the eleventh President of India, serving from 2002 to 2007.[४४]
U.R. Rao Born: March 10, 1932 From 1972 onwards Rao oversaw the development of over 15 satellite projects in India, including the Aryabhata, APPLE, Rohini, INSAT, and Indian Remote Sensing satellite.[४५] He served as the chairman of the governing council of the Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad; as chairman, Space Commission; and as secretary, Department of Space.[४५] He contributed significantly to the ASLV, PSLV, and the GSLV series.[४५] Rao also helped develop cryogenic technology and apply space technology to practical uses in India.[४५]
K. Kasturirangan Born: 20 October, 1940 Kasturirangan held several key posts in the Indian space program and served in the Rajya Sabha from August 27, 2003 onwards.[४६] His important contributions included the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) program, Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicles (GSLV) series, and the Indian Remote Sensing satellite (IRS) satellite series during his tenure as the head of the Indian space program from March 1994 to August 2003.[४७]
G. Madhavan Nair Born: October 31, 1943 Incumbent chairman of ISRO, secretary to the Indian Department of Space, and the chairman of the Antrix Corporation, Bangalore.
K. N. Shankara Born: 7 May, 1945 Shankara served as the director of ISRO's Space Applications Centre (SAC), Ahmedabad during 2002-2005 and ISRO Satellite Centre (ISAC), Bangalore during 2005-2008, and was awarded PadmaShri in the year 2004.
Mylswamy Annadurai Born: 2 July, 1958 Annadurai served as the director of the successful Chandrayan moon mission.[४८] He had previously served in the IRS-1A, IRS 1B, INSAT 2A, INSAT 2B, and EDUSAT projects.[४८]

हे ही पहा

नोंदी

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  27. ^ a b Bhaskaranarayana, 1738–1746 चुका उधृत करा: अवैध <ref> tag; नाव "Bhaskaranarayana1738" वेगवेगळ्या मजकूराशी अनेकदा जोडलेले आहे
  28. ^ Mistry, 94–95
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  30. ^ a b Bhaskaranarayana, 1737
  31. ^ a b Sen, 490
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संदर्भ

  • Bhaskaranarayana etc. (2007), "Applications of space communication", Current Science, 93 (12): 1737-1746, Bangalore: Indian Academy of Sciences.
  • Burleson, D. (2005), "India", Space Programs Outside the United States: All Exploration and Research Efforts, Country by Country, pp. 136–146, United States of America: McFarland & Company, ISBN 0-7864-1852-4.
  • Daniel, R.R. (1992), "Space Science in India", Indian Journal of History of Science, 27 (4): 485-499, New Delhi: Indian National Science Academy.
  • Gupta, S.C. etc. (2007), "Evolution of Indian launch vehicle technologies", Current Science, 93 (12): 1697-1714, Bangalore: Indian Academy of Sciences.
  • "India in Space", Science & Technology edited by N.N. Ojha, pp. 110–143, New Delhi: Chronicle Books.
  • Mistry, Dinshaw (2006), "Space Program", Encyclopedia of India (vol. 4) edited by Stanley Wolpert, pp. 93–95, Thomson Gale, ISBN 0684313537.
  • Narasimha, R. (2002), "Satish Dhawan", Current Science, 82 (2): 222-225, Bangalore: Indian Academy of Sciences.
  • Sen, Nirupa (2003), "Indian success stories in use of Space tools for social development", Current Science, 84 (4): 489-490, Bangalore: Indian Academy of Sciences.
  • "Space Research", Science and Technology in India edited by R.K. Suri and Kalapana Rajaram, pp. 411–448, New Delhi: Spectrum, ISBN 8179302946.

बाह्य दुवे

विकिमीडिया कॉमन्सवर संबंधित संचिका आहेत

साचा:Indian space program साचा:Science in India साचा:Public sector space agencies