"केरळ" च्या विविध आवृत्यांमधील फरक

विकिपीडिया, मुक्‍त ज्ञानकोशातून
Content deleted Content added
ओळ ५५: ओळ ५५:


==भूगोल==
==भूगोल==

[[Image:Munnar hillstation kerala.jpg|thumb|right|Munnar hill station, Kerala]]
Kerala is wedged between the [[Laccadive Sea]] and the [[Western Ghats]]. Lying between north latitudes 8°18' and 12°48' and east longitudes 74°52' and 72°22',<ref name = "GOK_2005b"/> Kerala experiences the humid [[equatorial]] tropic climate. The state has a coast of length {{km to mi | 590 | abbr=yes}}<ref>[http://www.fisheries.kerala.gov.in/glance.htm MARINE FISHERIES OF KERALA AT A GLANCE 2005 - Selected Indicators]Dept. of Fisheries, Govt of Kerala</ref> and the width of the state varies between 35 and 120&nbsp;km (22–75 miles). Geographically, Kerala can be divided into three climatically distinct regions: the eastern highlands (rugged and cool mountainous terrain), the central midlands (rolling hills), and the western lowlands (coastal plains). Located at the extreme southern tip of the [[Indian subcontinent]], Kerala lies near the centre of the [[Indian Plate|Indian]] [[tectonic plate]]; hence, most of the state is subject to comparatively little [[earthquake|seismic]] and volcanic activity.<ref>{{cite map |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |year=2002 |title=Map Showing Multi Hazard Zones in Kerala |url=http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/Multihazard/Maps/Multihazard/kerala.jpg |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20061108004906/http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/Multihazard/Maps/Multihazard/kerala.jpg |archivedate=2006-11-08 |accessdate=2006-01-12 }}</ref> [[Pre-Cambrian]] and [[Pleistocene]] geological formations compose the bulk of Kerala’s terrain.

Eastern Kerala consists of high mountains, gorges and deep-cut valleys immediately west of the Western Ghats' [[rain shadow]]. Forty-one of Kerala’s west-flowing rivers, and three of its east-flowing ones originate in this region. The Western Ghats form a wall of mountains interrupted only near [[Palakkad]], where the [[Palakkad Gap]] breaks through to provide access to the rest of India. The Western Ghats rises on average to 1,500&nbsp;m (4920&nbsp;ft) above sea level, while the highest peaks may reach to 2,500&nbsp;m (8200&nbsp;ft). [[Anamudi]] is the highest peak at an elevation of 2,695 metres (8,130&nbsp;ft). Just west of the mountains lie the midland plains comprising central Kerala, dominated by rolling hills and valleys.<ref name = "GOK_2005b"/> Generally ranging between elevations of 250–1,000&nbsp;m (820–3300&nbsp;ft), the eastern portions of the [[Nilgiri Hills|Nilgiri]] and [[Palni Hills]] include such formations as [[Agastyamala]] and [[Anamala]].

Kerala’s western coastal belt is relatively flat, and is criss-crossed by a network of interconnected [[brackish]] [[canal]]s, lakes, [[estuary|estuaries]], and rivers known as the [[Kerala Backwaters]]. Lake [[Vembanad Lake|Vembanad]]—Kerala’s largest body of water—dominates the Backwaters; it lies between Alappuzha and Kochi and is more than 200&nbsp;km² in area. Around 8% of India's waterways (measured by length) are found in Kerala.<ref name="IWAI_2005">{{harvnb|Inland Waterways Authority of India|2005}}</ref> The most important of Kerala’s [[List of rivers in Kerala|forty-four rivers]] include the [[Periyar River|Periyar]] (244&nbsp;km), the [[Bharathapuzha]] (209&nbsp;km), the [[Pamba]] (176&nbsp;km), the [[Chaliyar River|Chaliyar]] (169&nbsp;km), the Kadalundipuzha (130&nbsp;km), the [[Valapattanam River|Valapattanam]] (129&nbsp;km) and the [[Achankovil River|Achankovil]] (128&nbsp;km). The average length of the rivers of Kerala is 64&nbsp;km. Many of the rivers are small and entirely fed by [[monsoon]] rains.<ref name = "GOK_2005b"/> These conditions result in the nearly year-round water logging of such western regions as [[Kuttanad]], 500&nbsp;km² of which lies below sea level. As Kerala's rivers are small and lack [[river delta|deltas]], they are more prone to environmental factors. The rivers also face problems such as sand mining and pollution.<ref name="Padmalal">Padmalal D, Maya K, Sreebha S & Sreeja R, 2007, Environmental effects of river sand mining: a case from the river catchments of Vembanad lake, Southwest coast of India, Environmental Geology 54(4), 879-889. [http://www.springerlink.com/content/r6x802r243782121/], Retrieved on July 17, 2009.</ref> The state experiences several [[Geography of Kerala|natural hazards]] such as [[landslide]]s, [[floods]], [[lightning]] and [[droughts]]. The state was also affected by the [[2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami]].

A catastrophic flood occurred in Kerala in 1341 CE that drastically modified the terrain and consequently affected the history.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/2009/06/22/stories/2009062253680500.htm |title=Kerala / Kochi News : Bringing the Muziris experience back to life |publisher=The Hindu |date=2009-06-22 |accessdate=2010-02-25}}</ref> The flood resulted in changing the course of the river [[Periyar river|Periyar]], recession of [[Arabian Sea]] by several miles downwards making the [[Kuttanad]] region cultivable, closure of the [[Muziris]] ([[Kodungalloor]]) [[harbour]] and creation of a new harbour at [[Kochi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kerelatourism.com/kochi.html |title=Kerela Tourism,Kerala Tour packages,Kerla Tours |publisher=Kerelatourism.com |date= |accessdate=2010-02-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=USA |url=http://www.helium.com/items/1344783-history-of-cochin |title=History of Cochin, Kerala, India - by Nayab Naseer |publisher=Helium |date= |accessdate=2010-02-25}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india9.com/i9show/-Kerala/Ettumanoor/Kaduthuruthy-53206.htm |title=Kaduthuruthy in Kaduthuruthy India |publisher=India9.com |date=2005-06-07 |accessdate=2010-02-25}}</ref>

With 120–140 rainy days per year, Kerala has a wet and maritime tropical climate influenced by the seasonal heavy rains of the [[Monsoon#South-West Summer Monsoon|southwest summer monsoon]].<ref name="Chacko_2002">{{cite journal |author=Chacko T |coauthors=Renuka G |year=2002 |title=Temperature mapping, thermal diffusivity and subsoil heat flux at Kariavattom, Kerala |journal=Proc Indian Acad Sci (Earth Planet Sci) }}</ref>{{rp|80}} In eastern Kerala, a drier tropical wet and dry climate prevails. Kerala's rainfall averages 3,107&nbsp;mm annually. Some of Kerala's drier lowland regions average only 1,250&nbsp;mm; the mountains of eastern [[Idukki district]] receive more than 5,000&nbsp;mm of [[Precipitation (meteorology)#Orographic precipitation|orographic precipitation]], the highest in the state.

During summer, Kerala is prone to gale force winds, storm surges, [[cyclone]]-related torrential downpours, occasional droughts, and rises in sea level.<ref name="Brenkert_Malone_2003">{{cite journal |author=Brenkert A |coauthors=Malone E |year=2003 |title=Vulnerability and resilience of India and Indian states to climate change: a first-order approximation |journal=Joint Global Change Research Institute }}</ref>{{rp|26, 46, 52}} The mean daily temperatures range from 19.8&nbsp;°C to 36.7&nbsp;°C.<ref name = "GOK_2005b"/> Mean annual temperatures range from 25.0–27.5&nbsp;°C in the coastal lowlands to 20.0–22.5&nbsp;°C in the eastern highlands.<ref name="Brenkert_Malone_2003"/>{{rp|65}}

===जिल्हे===
===जिल्हे===
यावरील विस्तृत लेख पहा - [[केरळमधील जिल्हे]]
यावरील विस्तृत लेख पहा - [[केरळमधील जिल्हे]]
ओळ ६०: ओळ ७४:
केरळ राज्यात १४ जिल्हे आहेत.
केरळ राज्यात १४ जिल्हे आहेत.


===अर्थतंत्र===
==अर्थतंत्र==


== संस्कृती ==
== संस्कृती ==

१३:२२, १५ मार्च २०१० ची आवृत्ती


  ?केरळ
കേരളം Kēraḷaṁ
भारत
—  राज्य  —
Map

१०° ००′ ००″ N, ७६° १८′ ००″ E

गुणक: गुणक: Unknown argument format

प्रमाणवेळ भाप्रवे (यूटीसी+५:३०)
क्षेत्रफळ ३८,८६३ चौ. किमी
राजधानी तिरुअनंतपुरम
मोठे शहर तिरुअनंतपुरम
मोठे मेट्रो कोची
जिल्हे १४
लोकसंख्या
घनता
३,१८,३८,६१९ (१२ वे) (२००१)
• ८१९/किमी
भाषा मल्याळम
राज्यपाल आर.एल. भाटिया
मुख्यमंत्री व्ही.एस.अच्युतानदंन
स्थापित १ नोव्हेंबर १९५६ (1956-11-01)
विधानसभा (जागा) Unicameral (१४१)
आयएसओ संक्षिप्त नाव IN-KL
संकेतस्थळ: केरळ सरकार संकेतस्थळ


केरळ भारताचे एक राज्य आहे. हे भारताच्या दक्षिण टोकाचे राज्य असून कर्नाटक तामिळनाडू या राज्यांशी त्याची सीमा आहे. पश्चिमेला अरबी समुद्र व दक्षिणेला हिंदी महासागर असून भारताचे सर्वाधिक हिरवाईने नटलेले राज्य म्हणून केरळचा उल्लेख होतो. केरळ राज्याची स्थापना १ नोव्हंबर १९५६ रोजी झाली. तिरुवनंतपुरम ही केरळ राज्याची राजधानी असून कोची कोझीकोड ही महत्वाची शहरे आहेत. मल्याळम ही राज्याची प्रमुख भाषा आहे.

केरळ हे भारतातील दुसर्‍या क्रंमाकाचे पर्यटन राज्य आहे. केरळचे सृष्टीसौंदर्य पहायला व आयुर्वेदीक उपचारांसाठी देशातून तसेच जगभरातून हजारो प्रवासी येतात. [१] केरळचा व्यक्तीविकास सूचांक भारतात सर्वात अधिक आहे. याचे मुख्य कारण केरळ भारतातील सर्वात शिक्षितांचे राज्य आहे. राज्यातील साक्षरतेचे प्रमाण १०० टक्यांच्या जवळ आहे. [२][३] [४] २००५ मधील एका सर्वक्षणानुसार केरळ हे भारतातील सर्वात कमी भ्रष्ट राज्य आहे. [५] केरळने गेल्या काही वर्षांमध्ये मोठ्या प्रमाणावर स्थानिक लोकांचे स्थालांतर पाहिले आहे. कामाच्या निमित्ताने केरळमधून आखाती देशात कामासाठी जाण्याचे प्रमाण लाक्षणीय आहे. [६][७][८]

नावाची व्युप्ती

केरळ नावाच्या स्त्रोताबद्दल संग्धिंदता आहे. केरळम हे जुन्या मल्याळी भाषेतील फोडीप्रमाणे केरा ( नारळाचे झाड) व आलम ( परिसर) असा अर्थ होतो.ref name="Dobbie_2006">Dobbie A (2006). India: The Elephant's Blessing. Melrose Press. ISBN 1-9052-2685-3. 2009-01-02 रोजी पाहिले.</ref>:122 केरळ पारंपारिक तामिळ भाषेप्रमाणे चेरा आलम अशी फोड निघते ज्याचा अर्थ डोंगरा पलीकडीलु उतरणीचा प्रदेश असा होतो. [९] or chera alam ("Land of the Cheras").[१०]:2 केरळच्या स्थानिक रहिवाश्यांना मूळच्या केरळच्या रहिवाश्यांना केरळीय अथवा मल्याळी संबोधतात. [११] केरळचे पुराणात अनेक संदर्भ आहेत. एका कथेनुसार केरळची नि‍र्मिती भगवान परशुरामांनी समुद्रात आपला परशु फेकून केली.

इतिहास

केरळच्या अतिप्राचीन (निओलिथीक) काळातील मानवी वस्ती बाबत कमी माहिती उपलब्ध आहे. इडुक्की जिल्ह्यात प्राचीन कालीन दगडांवर रचून तयार केलेल्या मानवनिर्मित गुहा आहेत. पाषाणयुगातील मानवी अस्तित्वाचे पुरावे वायनाड जिल्ह्यतील इडक्कल गुहेत सापडतात.[१२]

केरळ व तामिळनाडू हे एकेकाळी सांस्कृतीक व भाषिक दृष्ट्या एकच होते व एकत्रित भूभागाचे नाव तामिळक्कम असे होते. [१३] केरळ बाबतीतील पहिला उल्लेख अशोकाच्या शिलालेखात केरळपुत्रम असा आढळतो. [१४]

दंतकथेनुसार विष्णुचा अवतार परशुरामाने समुद्रात परशु फेकून केरळाची निर्मिती केली. [१५]

Parasurama, surrounded by settlers, commanding Varuna to part the seas and reveal Kerala.

इसवी पूर्वीच्या मौर्य साम्राज्यानंतरच्या काळात केरळचा प्रांतावर चेरा घराण्याचे राज्य होते. द्रविडांतील विल्लवर या समाजातील होते. त्यांची राजभाषा मल्याळी-तामिळ मिश्रीत अशी होती. [१६] चेरांची राजधानी वांची येथे होती. केरळचा दक्षिण भाग पांड्य राज्याचा भाग होता व त्यांची राजधानी Nelcynda येथे होती. [१७][१८] चीन, अरबी तसेच रोमन साम्राज्यातील व्यापारांचे चेरांशी संबध होते असे दिसते. संगम साहित्यांमध्ये रोमन साम्राज्यातील सोन्यांनी भरुन येणार्‍या जहाजांचे वर्णन आहे. ही जहाजे मसाल्यांच्या व्यापारासाठी येत. [१९] रोमन साम्राज्यातील नोंदीनुसार केरळ हे ज्ञान जगाचे पूर्वेकडचे टोक होते. [२०] :192–195, 303–307 The west Asian-semitic [२१] Jewish, Christian, and Muslim immigrants[२१] established Nasrani Mappila, Juda Mappila and Muslim Mappila communities.[२१][२२] The Jews first arrived in Kerala in 573 BCE.[२३][२४] येशू ख्रिस्ताचे शिष्य संत थॉमस हे इसवीसन ५२ साली केरळला भेट दिली असा समज आहे. परंतु या बाबतीत ठोस पुरावा उपलब्ध नाही.[२५][२६][२७][२८] इस्लामी व्यापारी मलिक इब्न दिनार हे ८ व्या शतकात केरळमध्ये स्थायिक झाले व त्यांनी इस्लाम सर्वात प्रथम भारतात आणल्याचे मानले जाते.

भूगोल

Munnar hill station, Kerala

Kerala is wedged between the Laccadive Sea and the Western Ghats. Lying between north latitudes 8°18' and 12°48' and east longitudes 74°52' and 72°22',[२९] Kerala experiences the humid equatorial tropic climate. The state has a coast of length ५९० कि.मी. (३६७ मैल)[३०] and the width of the state varies between 35 and 120 km (22–75 miles). Geographically, Kerala can be divided into three climatically distinct regions: the eastern highlands (rugged and cool mountainous terrain), the central midlands (rolling hills), and the western lowlands (coastal plains). Located at the extreme southern tip of the Indian subcontinent, Kerala lies near the centre of the Indian tectonic plate; hence, most of the state is subject to comparatively little seismic and volcanic activity.[३१] Pre-Cambrian and Pleistocene geological formations compose the bulk of Kerala’s terrain.

Eastern Kerala consists of high mountains, gorges and deep-cut valleys immediately west of the Western Ghats' rain shadow. Forty-one of Kerala’s west-flowing rivers, and three of its east-flowing ones originate in this region. The Western Ghats form a wall of mountains interrupted only near Palakkad, where the Palakkad Gap breaks through to provide access to the rest of India. The Western Ghats rises on average to 1,500 m (4920 ft) above sea level, while the highest peaks may reach to 2,500 m (8200 ft). Anamudi is the highest peak at an elevation of 2,695 metres (8,130 ft). Just west of the mountains lie the midland plains comprising central Kerala, dominated by rolling hills and valleys.[२९] Generally ranging between elevations of 250–1,000 m (820–3300 ft), the eastern portions of the Nilgiri and Palni Hills include such formations as Agastyamala and Anamala.

Kerala’s western coastal belt is relatively flat, and is criss-crossed by a network of interconnected brackish canals, lakes, estuaries, and rivers known as the Kerala Backwaters. Lake Vembanad—Kerala’s largest body of water—dominates the Backwaters; it lies between Alappuzha and Kochi and is more than 200 km² in area. Around 8% of India's waterways (measured by length) are found in Kerala.[३२] The most important of Kerala’s forty-four rivers include the Periyar (244 km), the Bharathapuzha (209 km), the Pamba (176 km), the Chaliyar (169 km), the Kadalundipuzha (130 km), the Valapattanam (129 km) and the Achankovil (128 km). The average length of the rivers of Kerala is 64 km. Many of the rivers are small and entirely fed by monsoon rains.[२९] These conditions result in the nearly year-round water logging of such western regions as Kuttanad, 500 km² of which lies below sea level. As Kerala's rivers are small and lack deltas, they are more prone to environmental factors. The rivers also face problems such as sand mining and pollution.[३३] The state experiences several natural hazards such as landslides, floods, lightning and droughts. The state was also affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami.

A catastrophic flood occurred in Kerala in 1341 CE that drastically modified the terrain and consequently affected the history.[३४] The flood resulted in changing the course of the river Periyar, recession of Arabian Sea by several miles downwards making the Kuttanad region cultivable, closure of the Muziris (Kodungalloor) harbour and creation of a new harbour at Kochi.[३५][३६][३७]

With 120–140 rainy days per year, Kerala has a wet and maritime tropical climate influenced by the seasonal heavy rains of the southwest summer monsoon.[३८]:80 In eastern Kerala, a drier tropical wet and dry climate prevails. Kerala's rainfall averages 3,107 mm annually. Some of Kerala's drier lowland regions average only 1,250 mm; the mountains of eastern Idukki district receive more than 5,000 mm of orographic precipitation, the highest in the state.

During summer, Kerala is prone to gale force winds, storm surges, cyclone-related torrential downpours, occasional droughts, and rises in sea level.[३९]:26, 46, 52 The mean daily temperatures range from 19.8 °C to 36.7 °C.[२९] Mean annual temperatures range from 25.0–27.5 °C in the coastal lowlands to 20.0–22.5 °C in the eastern highlands.[३९]:65

जिल्हे

यावरील विस्तृत लेख पहा - केरळमधील जिल्हे

केरळ राज्यात १४ जिल्हे आहेत.

अर्थतंत्र

संस्कृती

भरतनाट्यम
पूरम सण

राजकारण

संदर्भ

  1. ^ http://www.thehindu.com/2009/10/30/stories/2009103051440300.htm
  2. ^ UNDP HDI Trends (1981-2001) for selected Major Indian States
  3. ^ TN makes its way to top 5 states in HDI Financial Express -Monday, Mar 24, 2008
  4. ^ चुका उधृत करा: <ref> चुकीचा कोड; nfhsindia.org नावाने दिलेल्या संदर्भांमध्ये काहीही माहिती नाही
  5. ^ "India Corruption Study — 2005". Transparency International. 2005. 2007-11-11 रोजी पाहिले. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (सहाय्य)
  6. ^ K.P. Kannan, K.S. Hari (2002). "Kerala's Gulf connection: Emigration, remittances and their macroeconomic impact 1972-2000".
  7. ^ S Irudaya Rajan, K.C. Zachariah (2007). "Remittances and its impact on the Kerala Economy and Society" (PDF).
  8. ^ "Jobs Abroad Support 'Model' State in India". New York Times. 2007.
  9. ^ Menon AS (1967). A Survey of Kerala History. Sahitya Pravarthaka Cooperative Society.
  10. ^ George KM (1968). A Survey of Malayalam Literature. Asia Publishing House.
  11. ^ Oliver Freiberger (2006). Asceticism and its critics: historical accounts and comparative perspectives. Oxford Uniersity Press.
  12. ^ Tourism information on districts - Wayanad Official website of the Govt. of Kerala
  13. ^ Kanakasabhai 1997, p. 10
  14. ^ "Carving the Buddha" (PDF). Govt of Kerala. 2009-09-23 रोजी पाहिले.
  15. ^ Aiya VN (1906). The Travancore State Manual. Travancore Government Press. pp. 210–212. 2007-11-12 रोजी पाहिले.
  16. ^ Sadasivan 2000, pp. 105-6
  17. ^ चुका उधृत करा: <ref> चुकीचा कोड; 74.125.153.132 नावाने दिलेल्या संदर्भांमध्ये काहीही माहिती नाही
  18. ^ चुका उधृत करा: <ref> चुकीचा कोड; Books.google.co.in नावाने दिलेल्या संदर्भांमध्ये काहीही माहिती नाही
  19. ^ "officialwebsite of". Kerala.gov.in. 2010-02-25 रोजी पाहिले.
  20. ^ Iyengar PTS (2001). History Of The Tamils: From the Earliest Times to 600 A.D. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 8-1206-0145-9. 2008-12-29 रोजी पाहिले.
  21. ^ a b c * Bindu Malieckal (2005) Muslims, Matriliny, and A Midsummer Night's Dream: European Encounters with the Mappilas of Malabar, India; The Muslim World Volume 95 Issue 2
  22. ^ Milton J, Skeat WW, Pollard AW, Brown L (1982-08-31). The Indian Christians of St Thomas. Cambridge University Press. p. 171. ISBN 0-5212-1258-8.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  23. ^ De Beth Hillel, David (1832). Travels (Madras publication).
  24. ^ Lord, James Henry (1977). The Jews in India and the Far East; Greenwood Press Reprint; ISBN.
  25. ^ "Kerala Syrian Christians, Apostle in India". nasrani.net. 2009-10-25 रोजी पाहिले.
  26. ^ "Pope denies St. Thomas came to South India". Hamsa.org. 2009-09-23 रोजी पाहिले.
  27. ^ Medlycott, A E. 1905 "India and the Apostle Thomas"; Gorgias Press LLC; ISBN
  28. ^ Thomas Puthiakunnel, (1973) "Jewish colonies of India paved the way for St. Thomas", The Saint Thomas Christian Encyclopedia of India, ed. George Menachery, Vol. II.
  29. ^ a b c d चुका उधृत करा: <ref> चुकीचा कोड; GOK_2005b नावाने दिलेल्या संदर्भांमध्ये काहीही माहिती नाही
  30. ^ MARINE FISHERIES OF KERALA AT A GLANCE 2005 - Selected IndicatorsDept. of Fisheries, Govt of Kerala
  31. ^ Map Showing Multi Hazard Zones in Kerala (Map). United Nations Development Programme. 2002. Archived from the original on 2006-11-08. 2006-01-12 रोजी पाहिले.
  32. ^ Inland Waterways Authority of India 2005
  33. ^ Padmalal D, Maya K, Sreebha S & Sreeja R, 2007, Environmental effects of river sand mining: a case from the river catchments of Vembanad lake, Southwest coast of India, Environmental Geology 54(4), 879-889. [१], Retrieved on July 17, 2009.
  34. ^ "Kerala / Kochi News : Bringing the Muziris experience back to life". The Hindu. 2009-06-22. 2010-02-25 रोजी पाहिले.
  35. ^ "Kerela Tourism,Kerala Tour packages,Kerla Tours". Kerelatourism.com. 2010-02-25 रोजी पाहिले.
  36. ^ USA. "History of Cochin, Kerala, India - by Nayab Naseer". Helium. 2010-02-25 रोजी पाहिले.
  37. ^ "Kaduthuruthy in Kaduthuruthy India". India9.com. 2005-06-07. 2010-02-25 रोजी पाहिले.
  38. ^ Chacko T (2002). "Temperature mapping, thermal diffusivity and subsoil heat flux at Kariavattom, Kerala". Proc Indian Acad Sci (Earth Planet Sci). Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (सहाय्य)
  39. ^ a b Brenkert A (2003). "Vulnerability and resilience of India and Indian states to climate change: a first-order approximation". Joint Global Change Research Institute. Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (सहाय्य)

साचा:Link FA