"केरळ" च्या विविध आवृत्यांमधील फरक

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A 3rd-century-BC rock inscription by emperor [[Asoka the Great]] attests to a ''Keralaputra''.<ref>http://kerala.gov.in/keralacalljan_08/pg45.pdf</ref> Around 1 BC the region was ruled by the [[Chera Dynasty]], which traded with the [[ancient Greece|Greeks]], [[ancient Rome|Romans]] and [[Arabs]]. The Tamil [[Chera dynasty]], [[Ay]]s and the [[Pandyan Empire]] were the traditional rulers of Kerala whose patriarchal dynasties ruled until the 14th century.<ref name="74.125.153.132">{{cite web|url=http://74.125.153.132/search?q=cache:Es-3_Q0KFWsJ:www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/BookLibrary/books/bibliographie/P/Plinyelder/elder/pliny-india.html+Plini+the+elder+pandion&cd=10&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=in |title=Ancient History Sourcebook: Pliny: Natural History 6.96-111. (On India) |publisher=74.125.153.132 |date=2009-05-06 |accessdate=2009-07-30}}</ref><ref name="Books.google.co.in">{{cite web|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=rQipbjusDyQC&pg=PA301&lpg=PA301&dq=nelcynda&source=bl&ots=gAMpwkJNyJ&sig=Bp8SgxOsnAyK7Pd1dlJMF_dqdxk&hl=en&ei=o8xoSr3TCc-JkQXX8JCoCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3 |title=History of ancient geography - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.co.in |date= |accessdate=2009-07-30}}</ref> The Chera Kingdom were Patriarchal in descendency. The Cheras collapsed after repeated attacks from the neighbouring Chola and Rashtrakuta kingdoms. Feudal [[Namboothiri]] [[Brahmin]] and [[Nair]] city-states subsequently gained control of the region.<ref name="keralagovl">{{cite web |title=Early history of Kerala |publisher=Government of Kerala |accessdate=2007-05-16 |url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/history&culture/earlyhistory.htm }}</ref> Kolla Varsham or Malayalam Era, which is assumed to have been established by King Udaya Marthanda Varma in 825 AD, serves as the official calendar of Kerala.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/disttourism/klm.htm |title=officialwebsite of |publisher=Kerala.gov.in |date= |accessdate=2009-07-30}}</ref> Early contact with Europeans gave way to struggles between colonial and native interests. After independence, Kerala state was created in 1956 from the former state of [[Travancore-Cochin]], [[Malabar district]] of [[Madras State]], and [[Kasaragod]] taluk of [[Dakshina Kannada]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/yw/2003/11/01/stories/2003110101270300.htm |title=The land that arose from the sea |publisher=The Hindu |date= |accessdate=2009-07-30}}</ref>
A 3rd-century-BC rock inscription by emperor [[Asoka the Great]] attests to a ''Keralaputra''.<ref>http://kerala.gov.in/keralacalljan_08/pg45.pdf</ref> Around 1 BC the region was ruled by the [[Chera Dynasty]], which traded with the [[ancient Greece|Greeks]], [[ancient Rome|Romans]] and [[Arabs]]. The Tamil [[Chera dynasty]], [[Ay]]s and the [[Pandyan Empire]] were the traditional rulers of Kerala whose patriarchal dynasties ruled until the 14th century.<ref name="74.125.153.132">{{cite web|url=http://74.125.153.132/search?q=cache:Es-3_Q0KFWsJ:www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/BookLibrary/books/bibliographie/P/Plinyelder/elder/pliny-india.html+Plini+the+elder+pandion&cd=10&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=in |title=Ancient History Sourcebook: Pliny: Natural History 6.96-111. (On India) |publisher=74.125.153.132 |date=2009-05-06 |accessdate=2009-07-30}}</ref><ref name="Books.google.co.in">{{cite web|url=http://books.google.co.in/books?id=rQipbjusDyQC&pg=PA301&lpg=PA301&dq=nelcynda&source=bl&ots=gAMpwkJNyJ&sig=Bp8SgxOsnAyK7Pd1dlJMF_dqdxk&hl=en&ei=o8xoSr3TCc-JkQXX8JCoCw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3 |title=History of ancient geography - Google Books |publisher=Books.google.co.in |date= |accessdate=2009-07-30}}</ref> The Chera Kingdom were Patriarchal in descendency. The Cheras collapsed after repeated attacks from the neighbouring Chola and Rashtrakuta kingdoms. Feudal [[Namboothiri]] [[Brahmin]] and [[Nair]] city-states subsequently gained control of the region.<ref name="keralagovl">{{cite web |title=Early history of Kerala |publisher=Government of Kerala |accessdate=2007-05-16 |url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/history&culture/earlyhistory.htm }}</ref> Kolla Varsham or Malayalam Era, which is assumed to have been established by King Udaya Marthanda Varma in 825 AD, serves as the official calendar of Kerala.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kerala.gov.in/disttourism/klm.htm |title=officialwebsite of |publisher=Kerala.gov.in |date= |accessdate=2009-07-30}}</ref> Early contact with Europeans gave way to struggles between colonial and native interests. After independence, Kerala state was created in 1956 from the former state of [[Travancore-Cochin]], [[Malabar district]] of [[Madras State]], and [[Kasaragod]] taluk of [[Dakshina Kannada]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/yw/2003/11/01/stories/2003110101270300.htm |title=The land that arose from the sea |publisher=The Hindu |date= |accessdate=2009-07-30}}</ref>
Kerala is a popular tourist destination famous for its [[Kerala Backwaters|backwaters]], [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic treatments]] <ref>http://www.thehindu.com/2009/10/30/stories/2009103051440300.htm</ref> and tropical greenery. Kerala has a higher [[Human Development Index]] than all other states in India.<ref>[http://data.undp.org.in/hdrc/ihds/TrendsHDISelctdStat.pdf UNDP HDI Trends (1981-2001) for selected Major Indian States]</ref><ref>[http://www.financialexpress.com/news/tn-makes-its-way-to-top-5-states-in-hdi/287643 TN makes its way to top 5 states in HDI] Financial Express -Monday, Mar 24, 2008</ref> The state has a literacy rate of 91 percent,<ref name="nfhsindia.org"/> the highest in India. A survey conducted in 2005 by [[Transparency International]] ranked Kerala as the least corrupt state in the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=India Corruption Study&nbsp;— 2005 |publisher=[[Transparency International]] |month=June | year=2005 |accessdate=2007-11-11 |url=http://www.transparency.org/regional_pages/asia_pacific/newsroom/news_archive__1/india_corruption_study_2005 }}</ref> Kerala has witnessed significant migration of its people, especially to the [[Persian Gulf states|Persian Gulf countries]], starting with the [[Kerala Gulf boom]], and is uniquely dependent on [[remittances]] from its large Malayali expatriate community.<ref name="rem1">{{cite web|url=http://ideas.repec.org/p/ind/cdswpp/328.html|title=Kerala's Gulf connection: Emigration, remittances and their macroeconomic impact 1972-2000|year=2002|author=K.P. Kannan, K.S. Hari}}</ref><ref name="rem2">{{cite web|url=http://www.iss.nl/content/download/8303/81035/file/Panel%202_Rajan.pdf|format=PDF|title=Remittances and its impact on the Kerala Economy and Society|year=2007|author=S Irudaya Rajan, K.C. Zachariah}}</ref><ref name="abroad">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/07/world/asia/07migrate.html?_r=1&pagewanted=1|title=Jobs Abroad Support ‘Model’ State in India|publisher=New York Times|year=2007}}</ref>
केरळ हे भारतातील दुसर्‍या क्रंमाकाचे पर्यटन राज्य आहे. केरळचे सृष्टीसौंदर्य पहायला आयुर्वेदीक उपचारांसाठी देशातून तसेच जगभरातून हजारो प्रवासी येतात. <ref>http://www.thehindu.com/2009/10/30/stories/2009103051440300.htm</ref> केरळचा व्यक्तीविकास सूचांक भारतात सर्वात अधिक आहे. याचे मुख्य कारण केरळ भारतातील सर्वात शिक्षितांचे राज्य आहे. राज्यातील साक्षरतेचे प्रमाण १०० टक्यांच्या जवळ आहे. <ref>[http://data.undp.org.in/hdrc/ihds/TrendsHDISelctdStat.pdf UNDP HDI Trends (1981-2001) for selected Major Indian States]</ref><ref>[http://www.financialexpress.com/news/tn-makes-its-way-to-top-5-states-in-hdi/287643 TN makes its way to top 5 states in HDI] Financial Express -Monday, Mar 24, 2008</ref> The state has a literacy rate of 91 percent,<ref name="nfhsindia.org"/> the highest in India. A survey conducted in 2005 by [[Transparency International]] ranked Kerala as the least corrupt state in the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=India Corruption Study&nbsp;— 2005 |publisher=[[Transparency International]] |month=June | year=2005 |accessdate=2007-11-11 |url=http://www.transparency.org/regional_pages/asia_pacific/newsroom/news_archive__1/india_corruption_study_2005 }}</ref> Kerala has witnessed significant migration of its people, especially to the [[Persian Gulf states|Persian Gulf countries]], starting with the [[Kerala Gulf boom]], and is uniquely dependent on [[remittances]] from its large Malayali expatriate community.<ref name="rem1">{{cite web|url=http://ideas.repec.org/p/ind/cdswpp/328.html|title=Kerala's Gulf connection: Emigration, remittances and their macroeconomic impact 1972-2000|year=2002|author=K.P. Kannan, K.S. Hari}}</ref><ref name="rem2">{{cite web|url=http://www.iss.nl/content/download/8303/81035/file/Panel%202_Rajan.pdf|format=PDF|title=Remittances and its impact on the Kerala Economy and Society|year=2007|author=S Irudaya Rajan, K.C. Zachariah}}</ref><ref name="abroad">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/07/world/asia/07migrate.html?_r=1&pagewanted=1|title=Jobs Abroad Support ‘Model’ State in India|publisher=New York Times|year=2007}}</ref>


===इतिहास===
===इतिहास===

०३:४१, ३ मार्च २०१० ची आवृत्ती


  ?केरळ
കേരളം Kēraḷaṁ
भारत
—  राज्य  —
Map

१०° ००′ ००″ N, ७६° १८′ ००″ E

गुणक: गुणक: Unknown argument format

प्रमाणवेळ भाप्रवे (यूटीसी+५:३०)
क्षेत्रफळ ३८,८६३ चौ. किमी
राजधानी तिरुअनंतपुरम
मोठे शहर तिरुअनंतपुरम
मोठे मेट्रो कोची
जिल्हे १४
लोकसंख्या
घनता
३,१८,३८,६१९ (१२ वे) (२००१)
• ८१९/किमी
भाषा मल्याळम
राज्यपाल आर.एल. भाटिया
मुख्यमंत्री व्ही.एस.अच्युतानदंन
स्थापित १ नोव्हेंबर १९५६ (1956-11-01)
विधानसभा (जागा) Unicameral (१४१)
आयएसओ संक्षिप्त नाव IN-KL
संकेतस्थळ: केरळ सरकार संकेतस्थळ


केरळ भारताचे एक राज्य आहे. हे भारताच्या दक्षिण टोकाचे राज्य असून कर्नाटक तामिळनाडू या राज्यांशी त्याची सीमा आहे. पश्चिमेला अरबी समुद्र व दक्षिणेला हिंदी महासागर असून भारताचे सर्वाधिक हिरवाईने नटलेले राज्य म्हणून केरळचा उल्लेख होतो. केरळ राज्याची स्थापना १ नोव्हंबर १९५६ रोजी झाली. तिरुवनंतपुरम ही केरळ राज्याची राजधानी असून कोची कोझीकोड ही महत्वाची शहरे आहेत. मल्याळम ही राज्याची प्रमुख भाषा आहे.

A 3rd-century-BC rock inscription by emperor Asoka the Great attests to a Keralaputra.[१] Around 1 BC the region was ruled by the Chera Dynasty, which traded with the Greeks, Romans and Arabs. The Tamil Chera dynasty, Ays and the Pandyan Empire were the traditional rulers of Kerala whose patriarchal dynasties ruled until the 14th century.[२][३] The Chera Kingdom were Patriarchal in descendency. The Cheras collapsed after repeated attacks from the neighbouring Chola and Rashtrakuta kingdoms. Feudal Namboothiri Brahmin and Nair city-states subsequently gained control of the region.[४] Kolla Varsham or Malayalam Era, which is assumed to have been established by King Udaya Marthanda Varma in 825 AD, serves as the official calendar of Kerala.[५] Early contact with Europeans gave way to struggles between colonial and native interests. After independence, Kerala state was created in 1956 from the former state of Travancore-Cochin, Malabar district of Madras State, and Kasaragod taluk of Dakshina Kannada.[६]

केरळ हे भारतातील दुसर्‍या क्रंमाकाचे पर्यटन राज्य आहे. केरळचे सृष्टीसौंदर्य पहायला व आयुर्वेदीक उपचारांसाठी देशातून तसेच जगभरातून हजारो प्रवासी येतात. [७] केरळचा व्यक्तीविकास सूचांक भारतात सर्वात अधिक आहे. याचे मुख्य कारण केरळ भारतातील सर्वात शिक्षितांचे राज्य आहे. राज्यातील साक्षरतेचे प्रमाण १०० टक्यांच्या जवळ आहे. [८][९] The state has a literacy rate of 91 percent,[१०] the highest in India. A survey conducted in 2005 by Transparency International ranked Kerala as the least corrupt state in the country.[११] Kerala has witnessed significant migration of its people, especially to the Persian Gulf countries, starting with the Kerala Gulf boom, and is uniquely dependent on remittances from its large Malayali expatriate community.[१२][१३][१४]

इतिहास

भूगोल

जिल्हे

यावरील विस्तृत लेख पहा - केरळमधील जिल्हे

केरळ राज्यात १४ जिल्हे आहेत.

अर्थतंत्र

संस्कृती

भरतनाट्यम
पूरम सण

राजकारण

साचा:Link FA

  1. ^ http://kerala.gov.in/keralacalljan_08/pg45.pdf
  2. ^ "Ancient History Sourcebook: Pliny: Natural History 6.96-111. (On India)". 74.125.153.132. 2009-05-06. 2009-07-30 रोजी पाहिले.
  3. ^ "History of ancient geography - Google Books". Books.google.co.in. 2009-07-30 रोजी पाहिले.
  4. ^ "Early history of Kerala". Government of Kerala. 2007-05-16 रोजी पाहिले.
  5. ^ "officialwebsite of". Kerala.gov.in. 2009-07-30 रोजी पाहिले.
  6. ^ "The land that arose from the sea". The Hindu. 2009-07-30 रोजी पाहिले.
  7. ^ http://www.thehindu.com/2009/10/30/stories/2009103051440300.htm
  8. ^ UNDP HDI Trends (1981-2001) for selected Major Indian States
  9. ^ TN makes its way to top 5 states in HDI Financial Express -Monday, Mar 24, 2008
  10. ^ चुका उधृत करा: <ref> चुकीचा कोड; nfhsindia.org नावाने दिलेल्या संदर्भांमध्ये काहीही माहिती नाही
  11. ^ "India Corruption Study — 2005". Transparency International. 2005. 2007-11-11 रोजी पाहिले. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (सहाय्य)
  12. ^ K.P. Kannan, K.S. Hari (2002). "Kerala's Gulf connection: Emigration, remittances and their macroeconomic impact 1972-2000".
  13. ^ S Irudaya Rajan, K.C. Zachariah (2007). "Remittances and its impact on the Kerala Economy and Society" (PDF).
  14. ^ "Jobs Abroad Support 'Model' State in India". New York Times. 2007.