"चेन्नई" च्या विविध आवृत्यांमधील फरक

विकिपीडिया, मुक्‍त ज्ञानकोशातून
Content deleted Content added
छो →‎क्रिडा: समानीकरण, replaced: Stadium → स्टेडियम (5)
ओळ ९५: ओळ ९५:
|edition = Eleventh edition
|edition = Eleventh edition
|year = 1911
|year = 1911
|accessdate=2007-09-04}}</ref> ब्रिटिश अंमलाखाली चेन्नई एक महत्वाचे शहर आणि सामुद्रिक तळ म्हणून विकसित झाले.
|accessdate=2007-09-04}}</ref> Under British rule, the city grew into a major urban centre and naval base.
[[चित्र:Victoria Public Hall, Chennai.JPG|thumb|right|[[Victoria Public Hall]], an example of a colonial building in Chennai]]
[[चित्र:Victoria Public Hall, Chennai.JPG|thumb|right|[[Victoria Public Hall]], an example of a colonial building in Chennai]]
एकोणिसाव्या शतकाच्या शेवटी भारतात रेल्वेसेवा सुरू झाली. यानंतर दळणवळण आणि व्यापारास प्रोत्साहन देण्यासाठी भरभराटीस येत असणारे चेन्नई शहर मुंबई आणि कलकत्ता अशा भारतातील इतर महत्वाच्या शहरांना जोडण्यात आले.
एकोणिसाव्या शतकाच्या शेवटी भारतात रेल्वेसेवा सुरू झाली. यानंतर दळणवळण आणि व्यापारास प्रोत्साहन देण्यासाठी भरभराटीस येत असणारे चेन्नई शहर मुंबई आणि कलकत्ता अशा भारतातील इतर महत्वाच्या शहरांना जोडण्यात आले.
ओळ १११: ओळ १११:
|ॲक्सेसदिनांक=2007-10-04}}</ref>
|ॲक्सेसदिनांक=2007-10-04}}</ref>


भारत १९४७ साली स्वतंत्र झाल्यानंतर चेन्नई शहर मद्रास राज्याची (१९६९ मधे ज्याचे नामकरण तमिळनाडू असे करण्यात आले) राजधानी झाली. इ.स.१९६५ सालच्या, हिंदी भाषेला राष्ट्रभाषा म्हणून घोषित करण्याच्या निर्णयाच्या विरोधात झालेल्या हिंसक दंगलींनी चेन्नई आणि तमिळनाडू राज्याच्या राजकारणात मोठे बदल घडवून आणले.<ref>{{स्रोत बातमी
After [[Indian independence movement|India gained its independence]] in 1947, the city became the capital of [[Madras State]], renamed the state of Tamil Nadu in 1969. The violent [[Anti-Hindi agitations|agitations of 1965]] against the imposition of [[Hindi]] as the national language, marked a major shift in the [[Politics of Tamil Nadu|political dynamics]] of the city and the whole state.<ref>{{स्रोत बातमी
|आडनाव = Guha
|आडनाव = Guha
|पहिलेनाव = Ramachandra
|पहिलेनाव = Ramachandra

२१:५१, २८ ऑगस्ट २०१६ ची आवृत्ती

ह्या लेखाचा/विभागाचा इंग्रजी किंवा अमराठी भाषेतून मराठी भाषेत भाषांतर करावयाचे बाकी आहे. अनुवाद करण्यास आपलाही सहयोग हवा आहे. ऑनलाईन शब्दकोश आणि इतर सहाय्या करिता भाषांतर प्रकल्पास भेट द्या.



चेन्नई (जुने नाव मद्रास) हे दक्षिण भारतातील एक मोठे शहर व भारतातील एक महानगर आहे तसेच चेन्नई ही तमिळनाडू या राज्याची राजधानी देखिल आहे. चेन्नई बंगालच्या उपसागराच्या कोरोमंडल तटावर वसले आहे आणि दक्षिण भारतातील सर्वांत मोठे सांस्कृतिक, आर्थिक, शैक्षणिक, औद्योगिक आणि व्यापारी केंद्र आहे. लोकसंख्येच्या तुलनेने चेन्नई हे भारतातील सहाव्या क्रमांकाचे शहर आहे. चेन्नईचे क्षेत्रफळ सुमारे ४२६ वर्ग कि.मी आहे. १९९६ साली अधिकृतपणे या शहराचे मद्रास हे नाव बदलून चेन्नई असे करण्यात आले.

  ?चेन्नई / चेन्नई

तमिळनाडू • भारत
—  मेट्रो  —
Map

१३° ०४′ ५७″ N, ८०° १६′ ३०″ E

प्रमाणवेळ भाप्रवे (यूटीसी+५:३०)
क्षेत्रफळ
मेट्रो
उंची
१८१.०६ चौ. किमी[१]
• १,१८० चौ. किमी
• ६ मी
जिल्हा चेन्नई
कांचीपुरम
तिरुवल्‍लुवर
लोकसंख्या
घनता
मेट्रो
४,३४,००,००० (५ वा) (२००१)
• २४,४१८/किमी
• ७५,००,००० (४ था) (२००७)
महापौर एम. सुब्रह्मन्यम
आयुक्त राजेश लाखोनी
कोड
पिन कोड
दूरध्वनी
UN/LOCODE
आरटीओ कोड

• 600 xxx
• +४४
• INMAA
• TN-01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 09, 10
संकेतस्थळ: चेन्नई महानगरपालिका संकेतस्थळ
  1. ^ (PDF). pp. पान. १ http://www.jnnurm.nic.in/toolkit/CDP_CHENNAI.PDF. १२ सप्टेंबर २००७ रोजी पाहिले. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (सहाय्य); Missing or empty |title= (सहाय्य)

नावाचा उगम

चेन्नईचे नाव चेन्नईपट्टिनमचे लघुरूप आहे. हे गाव सतराव्या शतकात ब्रिटिशांनी बांधलेल्या फोर्ट सेंट जॉर्जच्या आसपास वसले. [१] चेन्नईपट्टिनम नावाच्या व्युत्पत्तीबद्दल दोन आख्यायिका आहेत. एकानुसार श्रीकलाहस्तीच्या राजा चेन्नैअप्पा नायकरच्या नावावरुन गावास हे नाव दिले गेले. ब्रिटिशांनी हे गाव नायकरकडून १६३९मध्ये घेतले. चेन्नई नावाचा पहिला अधिकृत वापर ऑगस्ट १६३९मधील खरेदीखतामध्ये आढळतो. त्यात ब्रिटिश ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनीच्या फ्रांसिस डेच्या नावाचा उल्लेख आहे.[२] दुसऱ्या आख्यायिकेनुसार येथील चेन्न केशव पेरुमल देउळाचे नाव गावाला दिले गेले.[३]

चेन्नईचे जुने नाव "मद्रास" हे सेंट जॉर्ज किल्ल्याच्या उत्तरेला असणाऱ्या "मद्रासपट्टिनम" या गावाच्या नावावरून आले आहे. "मद्रासपट्टिनम" या नावाच्या उगमाविषयी तज्ञांमध्ये फारसे एकमत नाही. काहींच्या मते १६व्या शतकात येथे आलेल्या पोर्तुगिजांनी शहराला "Madre de Deus" हे नाव दिले असावे. [४] इतरांच्या मते शहराचे नाव एके काळी प्रतिष्ठित असणाऱ्या पोर्तुगिज वंशाच्या "Madeiros" कुटुंबाच्या (नंतरच्या काळात वापरली जाणारी इतर नावे "Madera" किंवा "Madra") नावावरून आले असावे. या कुटुंबाने १५७५ मध्ये चेन्नईमधील सॅन्थोम या भागात Madre de Deus हे चर्च बांधुन घेतले होते. "मद्रासपट्टिनम" हे नाव युरोपियन प्रभावामुळे आलेले आहे की अगोदरच वापरात होते हे निश्चितपणे सांगता येत नाही.

ब्रिटिशांनी ज्यावेळी हा प्रदेश ताब्यात घेतला त्यानंतर काही काळाने "मद्रासपट्टिनम" आणि "चेन्नापट्टिनम" यांचा विलय केला गेला. ब्रिटिशांनी या शहराला एकत्रितपणे "मद्रासपट्टिनम" म्हणायला सुरूवात केली. राज्य सरकारने १९९६ मधे अधिकृतपणे शहराला "चेन्नई" असे नाव दिले. [५][६]

इतिहास

चेन्नैचा इतिहास

ऐतिहासिक लोकसंख्या
वर्ष लोक. ±%
इ.स. १८७१ ३,६७,५५२
इ.स. १८८१ ४,०५,८४८ +१०%
इ.स. १८९१ ४,५२,५१८ +११%
इ.स. १९०१ ५,०९,३४६ +१२%
इ.स. १९११ ५,१८,६६० +१%
इ.स. १९२१ ५,२६,००० +१%
इ.स. १९३१ ६,४५,००० +२२%
इ.स. १९४१ ७,७६,००० +२०%
इ.स. १९५१ १४,१६,०५६ +८२%
इ.स. १९६१ १७,२९,१४१ +२२%
इ.स. १९७१ २४,२०,००० +४०%
इ.स. १९८१ ३२,६६,०३४ +३५%
इ.स. १९९१ ३८,४१,३९८ +१७%
इ.स. २००१ ४२,१६,२६८ +९%
The city of Madras in 1909

इतिहासामध्ये पहिल्या शतकापासुन चेन्नईच्या आसपासचा परिसर प्रशासकीय, लष्करी आणि आर्थिकदृष्ट्या महत्वाचा ठरलेला आहे.[७] अनेक दक्षिण भारतीय सत्तांनी, विशेषतः पल्लव, चेर, चोळ, पांड्य आणि विजयनगर या सत्तांनी चेन्नईवर राज्य केले आहे.[७] आता चेन्नईचा एक भाग असणारे मयलापुर शहर हे पल्लव साम्राज्यातील एक महत्त्वाचे बंदर होते. इ.स. १५२२ मधे पोर्तुगिज येथे आले आणि त्यांनी "साओ टोम" (São Tomé) या नावाचे बंदर तयार केले. हे नाव ख्रिश्चन धर्मगुरू थॉमस अपॉस्टल याच्या नावावरून देण्यात आले [८] ज्याने इ.स. ५२ ते इ.स. ७० च्या दरम्यान धर्मोपदेशन केल्याचे मानले जाते. इ.स. १६१२ मध्ये डच लोकांनी शहराच्या उत्तरेला आपले बस्तान बसवले.

ब्रिटिश ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनीचा फ्रान्सिस डे याने २२ ऑगस्ट १६३९ रोजी कोरोमंडळ किनाऱ्याची छोटिशी जमीन विकत घेतली. त्या वेळी या प्रांतावर वेकंटपती (वंदावासीचा नायक) यांचे राज्य होते.[७] त्याने व्यापारासाठी ब्रिटिशांना कारखाना आणि वखार बांधण्याची परवानगी दिली. एका वर्षानंतर ब्रिटिशांनी सेंट जॉर्ज किल्ला बांधला. हा किल्ला पुढील काळात वसाहतींच्या शहराचा केंद्रबिंदु झाला. या किल्ल्यामध्ये आता तमिळनाडू विधानसभेचे कामकाज चालते.[७]

१७४६ मधे फ्रेंचांनी मॉरिशसचा गव्हर्नर जनरल ल बौरडोनैस याच्या नेतृत्वाखाली सेंट जॉर्ज किल्ला आणि मद्रास जिंकुन घेतले. या गव्हर्नरने त्यावेळी मद्रास आणि आजुबाजुच्या गावांची लुट केली.[८] The British regained control in 1749 through the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle and fortified the town's fortress wall to withstand further attacks from the French and another looming threat, Hyder Ali, the Sultan of Mysore. By the late 18th century, the British had conquered most of the region around Tamil Nadu and the northern modern-day states of Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka, establishing the Madras Presidency with Madras as the capital.[९] ब्रिटिश अंमलाखाली चेन्नई एक महत्वाचे शहर आणि सामुद्रिक तळ म्हणून विकसित झाले.

Victoria Public Hall, an example of a colonial building in Chennai

एकोणिसाव्या शतकाच्या शेवटी भारतात रेल्वेसेवा सुरू झाली. यानंतर दळणवळण आणि व्यापारास प्रोत्साहन देण्यासाठी भरभराटीस येत असणारे चेन्नई शहर मुंबई आणि कलकत्ता अशा भारतातील इतर महत्वाच्या शहरांना जोडण्यात आले.

जर्मन क्रुझर्सनी २२ सप्टेंबर १९१४ मध्ये चेन्नईच्या तेलआगारावर बॉम्बहल्ला केला. मद्रास हे पहील्या महायुद्धामध्ये बॉम्बवर्षाव झालेले एकमेव भारतीय शहर आहे. .[१०]

भारत १९४७ साली स्वतंत्र झाल्यानंतर चेन्नई शहर मद्रास राज्याची (१९६९ मधे ज्याचे नामकरण तमिळनाडू असे करण्यात आले) राजधानी झाली. इ.स.१९६५ सालच्या, हिंदी भाषेला राष्ट्रभाषा म्हणून घोषित करण्याच्या निर्णयाच्या विरोधात झालेल्या हिंसक दंगलींनी चेन्नई आणि तमिळनाडू राज्याच्या राजकारणात मोठे बदल घडवून आणले.[११]

इ.स. २००४ मध्ये हिंदी महासागरात निर्माण झालेल्या सुनामीने चेन्नईच्या किनाऱ्याला धडक दिली. यामध्ये अनेकांचा मृत्यू झाला आणि चेन्नईची किनारपट्टी यामध्ये कायमस्वरूपी बदलली. [१२]

भौगोलीय आणि वातावरणीय

मरीना चौपाटी, जगातील सर्वांत लांब चौपाटींपैकी एक

भूगोल

चेन्नैचा भूगोल

Chennai is on a flat coastal plain, as shown on this Landsat 7 map.

Chennai is on the southeast coast of India in the northeast of Tamil Nadu on a flat coastal plain known as the Eastern Coastal Plains. Its average elevation is around ६.७ मीटर (२२ फूट),[१३] and its highest point is ६० मी (२०० फूट).[१४] The Marina Beach runs for 12 km along the shoreline of the city. Two rivers meander through Chennai, the Cooum River (or Koovam) through the centre and the Adyar River to the south. A third river, the Kortalaiyar, flows through the northern fringes of the city before draining into the sea at Ennore. Adyar and Cooum rivers are heavily polluted with effluents and waste from domestic and commercial sources. The state government periodically removes silt and pollution from the Adyar, which is much less polluted than the Cooum. A protected estuary on the Adyar forms a natural habitat for several species of birds and animals.[१५][१६] The Buckingham Canal, ४ किमी (२.५ मैल) inland, runs parallel to the coast, linking the two rivers. The Otteri Nullah, an east-west stream, runs through north Chennai and meets the Buckingham Canal at Basin Bridge. Several lakes of varying size are located on the western fringes of the city. Red Hills, Sholavaram and Chembarambakkam Lake supply Chennai with potable water. Groundwater sources are becoming brackish.[१७]

Chennai's soil is mostly clay, shale and sandstone.[१८] Sandy areas are found along the river banks and coasts, such as Thiruvanmiyur, Adyar, Kottivakkam, Santhome, George Town, Tondiarpet and the rest of coastal Chennai. Here rainwater runoff percolates quickly through the soil. Clay underlies most of the city including T. Nagar, West Mambalam, Anna Nagar, Villivakkam, Perambur and Virugambakkam. Areas of hard rock include Guindy, Perungudi,Velachery, Adambakkam and a part of Saidapet.[१९]

Marina Beach, a famous Chennai landmark

Chennai is divided into four broad regions: North, Central, South and West. North Chennai is primarily an industrial area. Central Chennai is the commercial heart of the city and includes an important business district, Parry's Corner. South Chennai and West Chennai, previously mostly residential, are fast becoming commercial, home to a growing number of information technology firms, financial companies and call centres. The city is expanding quickly along the Old Mahabalipuram Road and the Grand Southern Trunk Road (GST Road) in the south and towards Ambattur, Koyambedu and Sriperumbdur in the west.[२०] Chennai is one of the few cities in the world that accommodates a national park, the Guindy National Park, within its limits.[२१]

हवामान

Chennai has a tropical climate, specifically a tropical wet and dry climate. The city lies on the thermal equator and is also on the coast, which prevents extreme variation in seasonal temperature. The weather is hot and humid for most of the year. The hottest part of the year is late May to early June, known locally as Agni Nakshatram ("fire star") or as Kathiri Veyyil,[२२] with maximum temperatures around ३८–४२ °से (१००–१०८ °फॅ). The coolest part of the year is January, with minimum temperatures around १८–२० °से (६४–६८ °फॅ). The lowest temperature recorded is १५.८ °से (६०.४ °फॅ) and highest ४५ °से (११३ °फॅ).[२३][२४] The average annual rainfall is about १,३०० मिमी (५१ इंच). The city gets most of its seasonal rainfall from the north-east monsoon winds, from mid-October to mid-December. Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal sometimes hit the city. The highest annual rainfall recorded is २,५७० मिमी (१०१ इंच) in 2005.[२५] Prevailing winds in Chennai are usually southwesterly between April and October [२६] and northeasterly during the rest of the year.

साचा:Infobox Weather

पर्जन्यमान

Historically, Chennai has relied on annual monsoon rains to replenish water reservoirs, as no major rivers flow through the area. With a steadily increasing population, the city has faced water supply shortages, and its ground water levels have been depleted. An earlier Veeranam Lake project failed to solve the city's water problems, but the New Veeranam project, which became operational in September 2004, has greatly reduced dependency on distant sources.[२७] In recent years, heavy and consistent monsoon rains and rainwater harvesting (RWH) by Chennai Metrowater at its Anna Nagar Rain Centre have significantly reduced water shortages.[२८] Moreover, newer projects like the Telugu Ganga project that bring water from water-surplus rivers like the Krishna River in Andhra Pradesh have eased water shortages. The city is constructing sea water desalination plants to further increase the water supply.[२९][३०]

प्रशासकीय आणि सार्वजनिक सेवासुविधा

चेन्नईचे प्रशासन

City officials, as of September 2007[३१][३२]
महापौर
म. सुब्रमणियन
उपमहापौर
आर. सत्य बामा
महापालिका आयुक्त
राजेश लाखोनी
पोलिस आयुक्त
टी. राजेन्द्रन
पोस्टमास्टर जनरल
एम.एस. रामानुजन

Chennai city is governed by the Corporation of Chennai. Established in 1688, it is the oldest municipal corporation not only in India, but also in any Commonwealth nation outside the United Kingdom. It consists of 155 councillors who represent 155 wards and are directly elected by the city's residents. From among themselves, the councillors elect a mayor and a deputy mayor who preside over about six standing committees.[३३]

The area of jurisdiction of the Corporation of Chennai is set to expand manifold from its present extent of 176 km2 to 800 km2 pending a decision to be taken by the Government of Tamil Nadu. On doing this the population of Chennai is also set to increase from the present 4.5 million to over 8 million.

Chennai, the capital of the state of Tamil Nadu, houses the state executive and legislative headquarters primarily in the Secretariat Buildings on the Fort St George campus but also in many other buildings scattered around the city. The Madras High Court, whose jurisdiction extends across Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, is the highest judicial authority in the state and is also in the city. Chennai has three parliamentary constituencies — Chennai North, Chennai Central and Chennai South — and elects 14 Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) to the state legislature.[३४]

चेन्नै महानगर पोलीसगाडी (स्थानिकभाषेत=पोलीस->कावल)

The metropolitan region of Chennai covers many suburbs that are part of Kanchipuram and Thiruvallur districts. The larger suburbs are governed by town municipalities, and the smaller ones are governed by town councils called panchayats. While the city covers an area of १७४ चौ. किमी (६७ चौ. मैल),[३५] the metropolitan area is spread over १,१८९ चौ. किमी (४५९ चौ. मैल).[३६] The Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA) has drafted a Second Master Plan that aims to develop satellite townships around the city. Contiguous satellite towns include Mahabalipuram to the south, Chengalpattu and Maraimalai Nagar to the southwest, and Kanchipuram town, Sriperumpudur, Tiruvallur and Arakkonam to the west.

The Greater Chennai Police department, a division of the Tamil Nadu Police, is the law enforcement agency in the city. The city police force is headed by a commissioner of police, and administrative control rests with the Tamil Nadu Home Ministry. The department consists of 36 subdivisions with a total of 121 police stations. The city's traffic is managed by the Chennai City Traffic Police (CCTP). The Metropolitan suburbs are policed by the Chennai Metropolitan Police, and outer district areas are policed by the Kanchipuram and Thiruvallur police departments.

सेवा-सुविधा

The Corporation of Chennai and municipalities of the suburbs provide civic services. Garbage in most zones is handled by Neel Metal Fanalica Environment Management, a private company, and by the Chennai Corporation in the other zones. Water supply and sewage treatment are handled by the Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewage Board, popularly referred to as CMWSSB. Electricity is distributed by the Tamil Nadu Electricity Board.[३७] The city does not have a piped gas network and gas is supplied in cylinders by both state owned and private petroleum companies.

Telephone services in the city are provided by nine mobile phone service companies that include nine GSM networks and two CDMA networks along with four land line companies.[३८][३९] Commercial and domestic broadband Internet services are provided by all the four land line service providers and a majority of the mobile network service providers. Some areas of the city are also covered by a paid Wifi Internet service.

अर्थव्यवस्था

मुख्य पान: Economy of Chennai
चित्र:DSC00390.JPG
पॅरीज कॉर्नर, चेन्नैतील एक जुने प्रमुख व्यापारी केंद्र
टायडल पार्क चेन्नैतील एक प्रमुख सॉफ्टवेर पार्क.

Chennai has a diversified economic base anchored by the automobile, software services, hardware manufacturing, healthcare and financial services industries.[४०] As of 2000, the city's total personal income was Rs. 12,488.83 crores, making up 10.9% of the total income of Tamil Nadu.[४१] In 2001, the total workforce in Chennai was about 1.5 million, which was 31.79% of its population. According to the 1991 census, most of the city's workforce was involved in trade (25.65%), manufacturing (23.52%), transportation (10.72%), construction (6.3%) and other services (31.8%). Chennai metropolitan area accounts for over 75% of the sales tax revenue in the state.[४२] According to the CII, Chennai's is estimated to grow to a $100-billion economy, 2.5 times its present size, by the year 2025.[४३]

The city is base to around 30% of India's automobile industry[४४] and 35% of its auto components industry.[४५] A large number of automotive companies including Hyundai, Ford, BMW, Mitsubishi, Komatsu, The TVS Group (TVS), Ashok Leyland, Nissan-Renault, Daimler Trucks, TI Cycles of India, TAFE Tractors, Royal Enfield, Caterpillar Inc., Caparo, Madras Rubber Factory (MRF) and Apollo Tyres have or are in the process of setting up manufacturing plants in and around Chennai. The Heavy Vehicles Factory at Avadi produces military vehicles, including India's main battle tank: Arjun MBT. The Integral Coach Factory manufactures railway coaches and other rolling stock for Indian Railways. This very industrial expanse has given the name to Chennai as being the "Detroit of Southern Asia".[४६] The Ambattur-Padi industrial zone houses many textile manufacturers, and an SEZ for apparel and footwear manufacture has been set up in the southern suburbs of the city.[४७] Chennai contributes more than 50% of India's leather exports.[४८]

Many software and software services companies have development centres in Chennai, which contributed 14% of India's total software exports of Rs.144,214 crores during 2006–07, making it the second-largest exporter of software in the country, behind बंगळुरू.[४९] Major software companies like TCS, Infosys, Wipro, Hewlett Packard, HCL, आय.बी.एम., Satyam, CTS, MphasiS, Polaris Software Lab, Capgemini and Accenture have their offices set up here, with some of them making Chennai their largest base. Prominent financial institutions, including the World Bank, Standard Chartered Bank and Citibank have back office operations in the city.[५०] Chennai is home to three large national level commercial banks[५१][५२][५३] and many state level co-operative banks, finance and insurance companies. Telecom giants Ericsson and Alcatel-Lucent, pharmaceuticals giant Pfizer and chemicals giant Dow Chemicals have research and development facilities in Chennai. TICEL bio-tech park[५४] and Golden Jubilee bio-tech park[५५] at Siruseri house biotechnology companies and laboratories. Chennai has a fully computerised stock exchange called the Madras Stock Exchange.

लोकसंख्याशास्त्र

रंगनाथन रस्ता in T. Nagar usually throngs with shoppers

चेन्नई मधील एखाद्या नागरिकाला चेन्नाईकर म्हणतीत'. वर्ष २००१ मध्ये चेन्नईची लोखसंख्या ४३४ लाख होती, तर महानगरीय लोकसंख्या ७०४ लाख होती.[५६] The estimated metropolitan population in 2006 is 4.5 million.[५७] In 2001, the population density in the city was 24,682 per km2 (63,926 per mi²), while the population density of the metropolitan area was 5,922 per km2 (15,337 per mi²), making it one of the most densely populated cities in the world.[५६][५८] The sex ratio is 951 females for every 1,000 males,[५९] slightly higher than the national average of 944.[६०] The average literacy rate is 80.14%,[६१] much higher than the national average of 64.5%. The city has the fourth highest population of slum dwellers among major cities in India, with about 820,000 people (18.6% of its population) living in slum conditions.[६२] This number represents about 5% of the total slum population of India. In 2005, the crime rate in the city was 313.3 per 100,000 people, accounting for 6.2% of all crimes reported in major cities in India.[६३] The number of crimes in the city showed a significant increase of 61.8% from 2004.[६४]

चेन्नई मधील सर्वाधिक लोक तमिळ आहेत. तमिळ ही चेन्नई मधील प्रमुख भाषा आहे. भारतीय इंग्रजी ही चेन्नई मधील व्यापार, शैक्षणिक आणि पांढर पेशी जनतेमध्ये प्रचलित असल्याचे दिसून येते. पुष्कळ संख्येने तेलगू and मल्यालम समाज चेन्नईत राहतो.[६५] Chennai also has a large migrant population, who come from other parts of Tamil Nadu and the rest of the country. As of 2001, out of the 937,000 migrants (21.57% of its population) in the city, 74.5% were from other parts of the state, 23.8% were from rest of India and 1.7% were from outside the country.[६६]

चेन्नई मधील धर्म
धर्म टक्केवारी
हिंदू
  
90.3%
मुस्लिम
  
3.1%
ख्रिस्ती
  
6.6%
तमिळ जैन
  
1%

संस्कृती

भरत नाट्यमनृत्यप्रकार

Chennai is a major centre for music, art and culture in India.[६७] The city is known for its classical dance shows and Hindu temples. Every December, Chennai holds a five-week long Music Season celebrating the 1927 opening of the Madras Music Academy.[६८] It features performances (kutcheries) of traditional Carnatic music by hundreds of artists in and around the city. An arts festival called the Chennai Sangamam, which showcases various arts of Tamil Nadu is held in January every year. Chennai is also known for Bharatanatyam, a classical dance form that originated in Tamil Nadu. An important cultural centre for Bharatanatyam is Kalakshetra, on the beach in the south of the city.[६९] Chennai is also home to some of the best choirs in India, who during the Christmas season stage various carol performances across the city in Tamil and English.[७०][७१]

Chennai is the base for the large Tamil movie industry, known as Kollywood, home to most of the movie studios.[७२] The industry makes more than 150 Tamil movies a year,[७३] and its soundtracks dominate the city's music. Some of the biggest names in the Indian film fraternity like Ilaiyaraaja, K. Balachander, Sivaji Ganesan, M. G. Ramachandran, Rajinikanth, Kamal Haasan, Mani Ratnam and S. Shankar are based out of Chennai. A. R. Rahman took Chennai to international fame by winning two Oscar,two grammy awards in 2009 for the movie Slumdog Millionaire.[७४] Chennai's theaters stage many Tamil plays; political satire, slapstick comedy, history, mythology and drama are among the popular genres.[७५][७६][७७] English plays are also staged in the city.

Among Chennai's festivals, Pongal is celebrated over five days in January, is the most important. Almost all major religious festivals such as Deepavali, Eid and Christmas are celebrated in Chennai. Tamil cuisine in Chennai includes vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes. Many of the city's restaurants offer light meals or tiffin, which usually include rice-based dishes like pongal, dosa, idli and vadai, served with steaming hot filter coffee.

वाहतूक

The IT Highway in Chennai with the MRTS passing overhead

Chennai serves as a major gateway to southern India and the Chennai International Airport, comprising the Anna international terminal and the Kamaraj domestic terminal, is the third busiest airport in India.[७८][७९] The city is connected to major hubs across Asia, Europe, and North America through more than 30 national and international carriers. The airport is the second busiest cargo terminus in the country. The existing airport is undergoing further modernisation and expansion, and a new greenfield airport is to be constructed at an estimated cost of Rs 2,000 crore in Sriperumbudur.[८०]

The city is served by two major ports, Chennai Port, one of the largest artificial ports, and Ennore Port. The Chennai port is the largest in Bay of Bengal and India's second busiest container hub, handling automobiles, motorcycles and general industrial cargo. The Ennore Port handles cargo such as coal, ore and other bulk and rock mineral products.[८१] A smaller harbour at Royapuram is used by fishing boats and trawlers.

चेन्नैतील उपनगरीय रेल्वेसेवा (मासट्रांझीट)

Chennai is well connected to other parts of India by road and rail. Four major national highways link Chennai to बंगळुरू, Kolkata, Tiruchirapalli (Trichy) and Tirupati and onwards to the rest of the national highway system. Numerous state highways link the city to Puducherry (Pondicherry) and other towns and cities in Tamil Nadu and neighbouring states.[८२] The Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus (CMBT), the terminus for all intercity buses from Chennai, is the largest bus station in Asia.[८३] Seven government-owned transport corporations operate inter-city and inter-state bus services. Many private inter-city and inter-state bus companies also operate services to and from Chennai.

Chennai is the headquarters of the Southern Railway. The city has two main railway terminals. Chennai Central station, the city's largest, provides access to other major cities as well as many other smaller towns across India.[८४] Chennai Egmore is a terminus for trains to destinations primarily within Tamil Nadu; it also handles a few inter-state trains.[८५]

Buses, trains, and auto rickshaws are the most common form of public transport within the city.

रॉयापेठ घड्याळस्तंभाजवळून जाणारी एक एमटीसीची बसगाडी

The Chennai suburban railway network, one of the oldest in the country, consists of four broad gauge sectors terminating at two locations in the city, namely Chennai Central and Chennai Beach. Regular services are offered in the following sectors from these termini: Chennai Central/Chennai Beach - Arakkonam - Tiruttani, Chennai Central/Chennai BeachGummidipoondi - Sullurpeta and Chennai BeachTambaram - Chengalpattu - Tirumalpur(Kanchipuram). The fourth sector is an elevated Mass Rapid Transit System (MRTS) which links Chennai Beach to Velachery and is interlinked with the remaining rail network. Construction is underway for an underground and elevated Chennai Metro rail.[८६]

The Metropolitan Transport Corporation (MTC) runs an extensive city bus system consisting of 3257 buses on 622 routes, and moves an estimated 4.35 million passengers each day.[८७]

Vans, popularly known as Maxi Cabs and 'share' auto rickshaws ply many routes in the city and provide an alternative to buses. Metered call taxis, tourist taxis and auto rickshaws are also available on hire. Chennai's transportation infrastructure provides coverage and connectivity, but growing use has caused traffic congestion and pollution. The government has tried to address these problems by constructing grade separators and flyovers at major intersections, starting with the Gemini flyover, built in 1973 over the most important arterial road, Anna Salai to the recently completed Kathipara Flyover.[८८][८९]

प्रसारमाध्यमं आणि मनोरंजन

मुख्य पान: Media in Chennai

Newspaper publishing started in Chennai with the launch of a weekly, The Madras Courier, in 1785.[९०] It was followed by the weeklies The Madras Gazzette and The Government Gazzette in 1795. The Spectator, founded in 1836, was the first English newspaper in Chennai to be owned by an Indian and became the city's first daily newspaper in 1853.[९१] The first Tamil newspaper, Swadesamitran, was launched in 1899.[९०]

The major English dailies published in Chennai are The Hindu, The New Indian Express, The Deccan Chronicle and The Times of India recently joined the list. The evening dailies are, The Trinity Mirror and The News Today. As of 2004, The Hindu was the city's most read English newspaper, with a daily circulation of 267,349.[९२] The major business dailies published from the city are The Economic Times, The Hindu Business Line, Business Standard, Mint and The Financial Express. The major Tamil dailies include the Dina Thanthi, Dinakaran, Dina Mani, Dina Malar, Tamil Murasu, Makkal Kural and Malai Malar and major Telugu dailies include Eenandu, Vaartha, Andhra Jyothi and Sakshi.[९३] The one and only Hindi Newspaper published from Chennai is the Rajasthan Patrika. Neighbourhood newspapers such as The Annanagar Times and The Adyar Times cater to particular localities. Magazines published from Chennai include Ananda Vikatan, Kumudam, Kalki, Kungumam, "Thuglak", Frontline and Sportstar.

Doordarshan runs two terrestrial television channels and two satellite television channels from its Chennai centre, which was set up in 1974. Private Tamil satellite television networks like Sun TV, Raj TV, Zee Tamil, Star Vijay, Jaya TV, Makkal TV, Vasanth TV and Kalaignar TV broadcast out of Chennai. The Sun Network one of India's largest broadcasting companies is based in the city. While SCV and Hathway are the major cable TV service providers, Direct-to-home (DTH) is available via DD Direct Plus, Dish TV, Tata Sky, Sun direct DTH, Reliance Big TV and Digital TV(Airtel-Bharti)[९४][९५] Chennai is the first city in India to have implemented the Conditional Access System for cable television.[९६] Radio broadcasting started from the radio station at the Rippon Buildings complex, founded in 1930 and was then shifted to All India Radio in 1938.[९०] The city has 4 AM and 14 FM radio stations, operated by Anna University, All India Radio and private broadcasters.[९७]

शिक्षण आणि आरोग्य

Anna University's Guindy campus

चेन्नईमधील शाळा सार्वजनिक (सरकारद्वारा चालविलेल्या) आणि खाजगी अशा दोन्ही प्रकारच्या आहेत. खाजगी शाळांतील काहींना सरकारकडून आर्थिक मदत मिळते.[९८] The medium of education is either English or Tamil, with the former being the majority. Most schools are affiliated with the Tamil Nadu State Board, the Matriculation Board or the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE).[९९] A few schools are affiliated with the Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE) board, there are even schools which cater National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) board, Anglo-Indian board or the Montessori system. Schooling begins at the age of three with two years of kindergarten followed by ten years of primary and secondary education. Students then need to complete two years of higher secondary education in either science or commerce before being eligible for college education in a general or professional field of study.[१००][१०१] There are 1,389 schools in the city, out of which 731 are primary, 232 are secondary and 426 are higher secondary schools.[१०२]

The Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IIT Madras) and College of Engineering, Guindy, founded in 1794, are the premier centres for engineering education in the city. Most colleges that offer engineering programs are affiliated to Anna University. Madras Medical College (MMC), Stanley Medical College (SMC), Kilpauk Medical College and Sri Ramachandra Medical College and Research Institute (SRMC) are the notable medical colleges in Chennai.

The Government General Hospital

Colleges for science, arts and commerce degrees are typically affiliated with the चेन्नई विद्यापीठ, which has three campuses in the city; some colleges such as Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College, Madras Christian College, Loyola College and The New College are autonomous. Research institutions like the Central Leather Research Institute (CLRI), the Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute (CEERI) and the Institute for Financial Management and Research (IFMR) are in the city. The Connemara Public Library is one of four National Depository Centres in India that receive a copy of all newspapers and books published in India.[१०३] It has been declared a UNESCO information centre.[१०४]

There are 15 Government hospitals and a large number of private hospitals which provide medical and health care. The Government General hospital, popularly referred to as "G.H.", is the biggest government run hospital in the city. There are many large private hospitals, among which many are multi-speciality hospitals. Some of India's well-known healthcare institutions such as Apollo Hospitals (the largest private healthcare provider in Asia),[१०५] Sankara Nethralaya and Sri Ramachandra Medical Centre are based in the city, making it one of the preferred destinations for medical tourists from across the globe.[१०६]

क्रिडा

मुख्य पान: Sport in Chennai
An IPL match in progress at M.A. Chidambaram Cricket स्टेडियम

क्रिकेट हा चेन्नईमधील सर्वांत लोकप्रिय खेळ आहे.[१०७] चेपौकमध्ये असणारे एम. ए. चिदंबरम मैदान हे देशातील सर्वांत जुन्या क्रिकेट मैदानांपैकी एक आहे.[१०८] आय. आय. टी. मद्रासच्या क्षेत्रामध्ये असणारे चेम्पास्ट क्रिकेट मैदान हे आणखी एक महत्वाचे मैदान आहे. या ठिकाणी बऱेचसे प्रथम श्रेणी सामने खेळावले जातात. श्रीनिवासराघवन वेंकटराघवन आणि के. श्रीकांथ हे मोठे क्रिकेटपट्टू मुळचे चेन्नईचे आहेत. [१०९][११०] बॉब सिम्पसन आणि डेनिस लिली यांच्यासारखे प्रशिक्षक असणारी वेगवान गोलंदाजांसाठीची प्रबोधनी, MRF Pace Foundation ही चेन्नईमध्ये आहे.[१११][११२] Chennai is home to the Indian Premier League cricket team, the Chennai Super Kings. Chennai is also home to the Indian Cricket League team, the Chennai Superstars.[११३][११४]

चेन्नई विरन्स हा प्रिमिअर हॉकी लिगचा संघ चेन्नईचे प्रतिनिधित्व करतो. या संघातर्फे मेयर राधाकृष्णन मैदानावर हॉकी सामन्यांच्या "आशिया कप" आणि "पुरुष चॅम्पियन्स ट्रॉफी" अशा अनेक मालिका आयोजित केल्या गेल्या आहेत. [११५][११६]

ATP Chennai Open

Chennai has produced popular tennis players such as Leander Paes,Vijay Amritraj,Ramesh Krishnan and Mahesh Bhupathi [११७][११८][११९] and is host to an Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) event since 1997, the Chennai Open,[१२०] ATP World Tour 250 series, the country's only (ATP) event.

Football and athletic competitions are held at the Jawaharlal Nehru स्टेडियम, which also houses a multi-purpose indoor complex for competition in volleyball, basketball and table tennis. Water sports are played in the Velachery Aquatic Complex. Chennai was the venue of the South Asian Games (SAF Games) in 1995.[१२१]

Automobile racing in India has been closely connected with Chennai since its beginnings shortly after independence. Motor racing events are held on a special purpose track in Irungattukottai, Sriperumbudur,[१२२] which has also been the venue for several international competitions.[१२३] गुइंडी रेस कोर्सवर घोड्यांच्या शर्यती आयोजीत केल्या जातात तर मद्रास बोट क्लबमध्ये नौकांच्या शर्यती आयोजित केल्या जातात. शहरात "कॉस्मोपोलिटन क्लब" आणि "जिमखाना क्लब" अशी दोन १८-छिद्री गोल्फची मैदाने आहेत. ही दोन्ही मैदाने एकोणिसाव्या शतकाच्या शेवटी तयार केली गेली. बुद्धिबळातील माजी विश्वविजेता विश्वनाथन आनंद याचे बालपण चेन्नईमध्ये व्यतित झाले.[१२४][१२५][१२६]

Other athletes of repute from Chennai include table tennis players Sharath Kamal[१२७] and two-time world carrom champion, Maria Irudayam.[१२८] The city has a rugby union team called the Chennai Cheetahs.[१२९]

हेसुद्धा पाहा

सिस्टर सिटीज

Chennai has sister city relationships with the following cities of the world.[१३०][१३१]

Country City State / Region Since
अमेरिका United States चित्र:Sanantonioseal.jpeg San Antonio Texas 2007
जर्मनी Germany फ्रांकफुर्ट Hesse 2005
इजिप्त Egypt Cairo Cairo Governorate 2000
अमेरिका United States Denver Colorado 1984
रशिया Russia Volgograd Volgograd Oblast 1966

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