"अनुसूचित जाती आणि अनुसूचित जमाती" च्या विविध आवृत्यांमधील फरक

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==अनु. जाती-जमातींची धार्मिक लोकसंख्या ==
==अनु. जाती-जमातींची धार्मिक लोकसंख्या ==
संविधान (अनुसूचित जाती) आदेश (सुधारणा) कायदा, 1990 नुसार, [[अनुसूचित जाती]]ंचा धर्म फक्त [[हिंदू]], [[शीख]] किंवा [[बौद्ध]] असू शकतो.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://socialjustice.nic.in/faqs1.php#sc4 |title=Frequently Asked Questions – Scheduled Caste Welfare: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India |work=socialjustice.nic.in |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630050355/http://socialjustice.nic.in/faqs1.php |archivedate=30 June 2015 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribal.nic.in/Content/DefinitionpRrofiles.aspx|title=Definition|work=tribal.nic.in}}</ref> अनुसूचित जमातींच्या बाबतीत कोणताही धर्म नाही.<ref>[http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/Introduction.pdf Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Introduction]</ref><ref>[http://www.parimalnathwani.com/images/in-the%20parliament/answer-to-question-414-dated-13-08-12.pdf Sachar Committee Questions and Answer] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903084139/http://www.parimalnathwani.com/images/in-the%20parliament/answer-to-question-414-dated-13-08-12.pdf |date=3 September 2014 }}</ref> 2006 च्या [[सच्चर समिती]]च्या अहवालात भारतीय वंशाच्या अनुसूचित जाती आणि अनुसूचित जमाती आज [[हिंदू धर्म]]ापर्यंत मर्यादित राहिल्या नाहीत. एनएसएसओ च्या 61 व्या फेरी सर्वेक्षणात आढळले की भारतामधील ९०% बौद्ध, ७५% शीख आणि ७५% ख्रिस्चन हे अनु. जाती किंवा अनु. जमाती या प्रवर्गात समाविष्ठ आहेत. <ref>{{cite web |last=Sachar |first=Rajindar |title=Sachar Committee Report (2004–2005) |publisher=Government of India |year=2006 |url=http://www.teindia.nic.in/Files/Reports/CCR/Sachar%20Committee%20Report.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Sachar |first=Rajindar |title=Minority Report |publisher=Government of India |year=2006 |url=http://www.mfsd.org/sachar/leafletEnglish.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218123818/http://www.mfsd.org/sachar/leafletEnglish.pdf |archivedate=18 December 2008 }}</ref>
संविधान (अनुसूचित जाती) आदेश (सुधारणा) कायदा, १९९० नुसार, [[अनुसूचित जाती]]ंचा धर्म फक्त [[हिंदू]], [[शीख]] किंवा [[बौद्ध]] असू शकतो.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://socialjustice.nic.in/faqs1.php#sc4 |title=Frequently Asked Questions – Scheduled Caste Welfare: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India |work=socialjustice.nic.in |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630050355/http://socialjustice.nic.in/faqs1.php |archivedate=30 June 2015 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tribal.nic.in/Content/DefinitionpRrofiles.aspx|title=Definition|work=tribal.nic.in}}</ref> अनुसूचित जमातींच्या बाबतीत कोणताही धर्म नाही.<ref>[http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/Introduction.pdf Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Introduction]</ref><ref>[http://www.parimalnathwani.com/images/in-the%20parliament/answer-to-question-414-dated-13-08-12.pdf Sachar Committee Questions and Answer] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903084139/http://www.parimalnathwani.com/images/in-the%20parliament/answer-to-question-414-dated-13-08-12.pdf |date=3 September 2014 }}</ref> २००६ च्या [[सच्चर समिती]]च्या अहवालात भारतीय वंशाच्या अनुसूचित जाती आणि अनुसूचित जमाती आज [[हिंदू धर्म]]ापर्यंत मर्यादित राहिल्या नाहीत. एनएसएसओ च्या ६१ व्या फेरी सर्वेक्षणात आढळले की भारतामधील ९०% बौद्ध, ७५% शीख आणि ७५% ख्रिस्चन हे अनु. जाती किंवा अनु. जमाती या प्रवर्गात समाविष्ठ आहेत. <ref>{{cite web |last=Sachar |first=Rajindar |title=Sachar Committee Report (2004–2005) |publisher=Government of India |year=2006 |url=http://www.teindia.nic.in/Files/Reports/CCR/Sachar%20Committee%20Report.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Sachar |first=Rajindar |title=Minority Report |publisher=Government of India |year=2006 |url=http://www.mfsd.org/sachar/leafletEnglish.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-09-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218123818/http://www.mfsd.org/sachar/leafletEnglish.pdf |archivedate=18 December 2008 }}</ref>


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
ओळ २२: ओळ २२:
! जात प्रवर्गाचे प्रत्येक धर्मानुसार वर्गीकरण (२००४-०५) || अनुसूचित जाती || अनुसूचित जमाती || इतर मागास वर्ग || इतर || एकूण
! जात प्रवर्गाचे प्रत्येक धर्मानुसार वर्गीकरण (२००४-०५) || अनुसूचित जाती || अनुसूचित जमाती || इतर मागास वर्ग || इतर || एकूण
|-
|-
| [[हिंदू]] ||22.2 ||9.1 || 42.8 || 26.0 || 100
| [[हिंदू]] ||२२. ||. || ४२. || २६ || १००
|-
|-
| [[मुस्लिम]] || 0.8 || 0.5 || 39.2 || 59.5 || 100
| [[मुस्लिम]] ||. || . || ३९. || ५९. || १००
|-
|-
| [[ख्रिश्चन]] || 9.0 || 32.8 || 24.8 || 33.3 || 100
| [[ख्रिश्चन]] ||.|| ३२. || २४. || ३३. || १००
|-
|-
| [[शीख]] || 30.7 || 0.9 || 22.4 || 46.1 || 100
| [[शीख]] || ३०. || . || २२. || ४६. || १००
|-
|-
| [[जैन]] || 0.0 || 2.6 || 3.0 || 94.3 || 100
| [[जैन]] || ०० || . || ३० || ९४३ || १००
|-
|-
| [[बौद्ध]] || 89.5 || 7.4 || 0.4 || 2.7 || 100
| [[बौद्ध]] || ८९. || || . || . || )१००
|-
|-
| [[झोराष्ट्रियन|पारशी]] || 0.0 || 15.9 || 13.7 || 70.4 || 100
| [[झोराष्ट्रियन|पारशी]] || . || १५९ || १३. || 70.4 || 100
|-
|-
| इतर || 2.6 || 82.5 || 6.2 || 8.7 || 100
| इतर || 2.6 || ८२. |. || . || १००
|-
|-
| एकूण || 19.5 || 8.7 || 41.1 || 30.8 || 100
| एकूण || ९५|| ८ व || || ३०, || १००
|}
|}



००:४३, ६ मार्च २०१७ ची आवृत्ती

२०११ च्या जनगणनेनुसार भारतातील राज्यांमधील अनुसूचित जातींचा (दलित) विवरण नकाशा.[१] पंजाबमध्ये अनु. जातींचे सर्वाधिक प्रमाण (३२%) तर भारताच्या केंद्रसाशित प्रदेशात व दोन ईशान्य राज्यात ० %.[१]
२०११ च्या जनगणनेनुसार भारतातील राज्यांमधील अनुसूचित जमातींचा (आदिवासी) विवरण नकाशा.[१] मिझोरम आणि लक्षद्विपमध्ये अनु. जमातींचे सर्वाधिक प्रमाण (~95%), तर पंजाब आणि हरियाणामध्ये ०%.[१]

अनुसूचित जाती[२] (दलित) आणि अनुसूचित जमाती (आदिवासी) हे भारतातील ऐतिहासिकदृष्ट्या तथाकथित वंचित देशी लोकांचे भारताच्या राज्यघटनेने मान्य केलेले दोन गट आहेत. भारतीय उपखंडावर राज्य करणाऱ्या ब्रिटिश सत्तेच्या काळात ते डिप्रेस्ड क्लास (मागास वर्ग) म्हणून ओळखले जात होते. अनुसूचित जातींमध्ये कितीतरी टक्के लोक मूलत: भारतीय समाजाच्या तथाकथित खालच्या थरातील लोक आहेत. आधुनिक साहित्यात अनुसूचित जातींचा उल्लेख कधी कधी आदि-द्रविड किंवा दलित म्हणून होतो.[३][४]

२०११ च्या भारतीय जनगणनेनुसार, भारताच्या एकूण लोकसंख्येत अनुसूचित जातींच्या आणि अनुसूचित जमातींच्या लोकांचे प्रमाण अनुक्रमे १६.६% आणि ८.६% आहे.[५][६] या दोन समूहांची एकत्रित लोकसंख्या ही २५.२% (३१ कोटी) आहे, जर ही संख्या एक देश म्हणून गृहीत धरली तर हा चीन, भारतअमेरिका ह्यांनंतर जगातला चौथा सर्वात मोठा देश ठरू शकतो. स्वातंत्र्य प्राप्तीनंतर भारताच्या संविधानाद्वारे या मागास समजल्या जाणाऱ्या समूहांना आरक्षण लागू करण्यात आले.[७] and the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950 lists 744 tribes across 22 states in its First Schedule.[८]

इतिहास

Since the 1850s these communities were loosely referred to as Depressed Classes, with the Scheduled Tribes also being known as Adivasi ("original inhabitants"). The early 20th century saw a flurry of activity in the Raj assessing the feasibility of responsible self-government for India. The Morley–Minto Reforms Report, Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms Report and the Simon Commission were several initiatives in this context. A highly contested issue in the proposed reforms was the reservation of seats for representation of the Depressed Classes in provincial and central legislatures.

In 1935, Parliament passed the Government of India Act 1935, designed to give Indian provinces greater self-rule and set up a national federal structure. The reservation of seats for the Depressed Classes was incorporated into the act, which came into force in 1937. The Act introduced the term "Scheduled Castes", defining the group as "such castes, races or tribes or parts of groups within castes, races or tribes, which appear to His Majesty in Council to correspond to the classes of persons formerly known as the 'Depressed Classes', as His Majesty in Council may prefer".[९] This discretionary definition was clarified in The Government of India (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1936, which contained a list (or Schedule) of castes throughout the British-administered provinces.

After independence the Constituent Assembly continued the prevailing definition of Scheduled Castes and Tribes, giving (via articles 341 and 342) the president of India and governors of the states a mandate to compile a full listing of castes and tribes (with the power to edit it later, as required). The complete list of castes and tribes was made via two orders: The Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950[१०] and The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950,[११] respectively.

अनु. जाती-जमातींची धार्मिक लोकसंख्या

संविधान (अनुसूचित जाती) आदेश (सुधारणा) कायदा, १९९० नुसार, अनुसूचित जातींचा धर्म फक्त हिंदू, शीख किंवा बौद्ध असू शकतो.[१२][१३] अनुसूचित जमातींच्या बाबतीत कोणताही धर्म नाही.[१४][१५] २००६ च्या सच्चर समितीच्या अहवालात भारतीय वंशाच्या अनुसूचित जाती आणि अनुसूचित जमाती आज हिंदू धर्मापर्यंत मर्यादित राहिल्या नाहीत. एनएसएसओ च्या ६१ व्या फेरी सर्वेक्षणात आढळले की भारतामधील ९०% बौद्ध, ७५% शीख आणि ७५% ख्रिस्चन हे अनु. जाती किंवा अनु. जमाती या प्रवर्गात समाविष्ठ आहेत. [१६][१७]

जात प्रवर्गाचे प्रत्येक धर्मानुसार वर्गीकरण (२००४-०५) अनुसूचित जाती अनुसूचित जमाती इतर मागास वर्ग इतर एकूण
हिंदू २२.२ ९.१ ४२.८ २६ १००
मुस्लिम ०.८ ०.५ ३९.२ ५९.५ १००
ख्रिश्चन ९.० ३२.८ २४.८ ३३.३ १००
शीख ३०.७ ०.७ २२.४ ४६.१ १००
जैन ०० २.६ ३० ९४३ १००
बौद्ध ८९. ०.४ २.७ )१००
पारशी ०.० १५९ १३.४ 70.4 100
इतर 2.6 ६.२ ८.७ १००
एकूण ९५ ८ व ७ ३०, १००

Steps taken by the government to improve the situation of SC and ST

The Constitution provides a three-pronged strategy[१८] to improve the situation of SCs and STs:

  • Protective arrangements: Such measures as are required to enforce equality, to provide punitive measures for transgressions, to eliminate established practices that perpetuate inequities, etc. A number of laws were enacted to implement the provisions in the Constitution. Examples of such laws include The Untouchability Practices Act, 1955, Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, The Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act, 1993, etc.
  • Affirmative action: Provide positive treatment in allotment of jobs and access to higher education as a means to accelerate the integration of the SCs and STs with mainstream society. Affirmative action is popularly known as reservation.
  • Development: Provide resources and benefits to bridge the socioeconomic gap between the SCs and STs and other communities. Major part played by the Hidayatullah National Law University.

National commissions

To effectively implement the various safeguards built into the Constitution and other legislation, the Constitution under Articles 338 and 338A provides for two statutory commissions: the National Commission for Scheduled Castes,[१९] and the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.[२०] The chairpersons of both commissions sit ex officio on the National Human Rights Commission.

Constitutional history

In the original Constitution, Article 338 provided for a special officer (the Commissioner for SCs and STs) responsible for monitoring the implementation of constitutional and legislative safeguards for SCs and STs and reporting to the president. Seventeen regional offices of the Commissioner were established throughout the country.

There was an initiative to replace the Commissioner with a committee in the 48th Amendment to the Constitution, changing Article 338. While the amendment was being debated, the Ministry of Welfare established the first committee for SCs and STs (with the functions of the Commissioner) in August 1978. These functions were modified in September 1987 to include advising the government on broad policy issues and the development levels of SCs and STs. Now it is included in Article 342.

In 1990, Article 338 was amended for the National Commission for SCs and STs with the Constitution (Sixty fifth Amendment) Bill, 1990.[२१] The first commission under the 65th Amendment was constituted in March 1992, replacing the Commissioner for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and the commission established by the Ministry of Welfare's Resolution of 1989. In 2003, the Constitution was again amended to divide the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes into two commissions: the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes. Due to the spread of Christianity and Islam among schedule caste/Tribe community converted are not protected as castes under Indian Reservation policy. Hence, these societies usually forge their community certificate as Hindus and practice Christianity or Islam afraid for their loss of reservation.[२२]

Scheduled Castes Sub-Plan

The Scheduled Castes Sub-Plan (SCSP) of 1979 mandated a planning process for the social, economic and educational development of Scheduled Castes and improvement in their working and living conditions. It was an umbrella strategy, ensuring the flow of targeted financial and physical benefits from the general sector of development to the Scheduled Castes.[२३] It entailed a targeted flow of funds and associated benefits from the annual plan of states and Union Territories (UTs) in at least a proportion to the national SC population. Twenty-seven states and UTs with sizable SC populations are implementing the plan. Although the Scheduled Castes population according to the 2001 Census was 16.66 crores (16.23 percent of the total population), the allocations made through SCSP have been lower than the proportional population.[ संदर्भ हवा ]. A strange factor has emerged of extremely lowered fertility of scheduled castes in Kerala, due to land reform, migrating Kerala Gulf diaspora and democratization of education.[२४]

अनुसूचित जातींची यादी

महाराष्ट्र

महाराष्ट्राच्या एकूण लोकसंख्येत १२% किंवा १ कोटी ३५ लाख लोकसंख्या ही अनुसूचित जातीच्या लोकांची आहे. महाराष्ट्रात एकूण ५९ जातींचा समावेश अनुसूचित जातींत होतो. यांत लोकसंख्येनुसार महार, मांगचांभार या तीन जातींचे लोक अनुक्रमे पहिल्या, दुसऱ्या व तिसऱ्या क्रमांकावर आहेत.

अनुसूचित जमातींची यादी

हे ही पहा

टिपा

  1. ^ a b c d Census of India 2011, Primary Census Abstractसाचा:PPTlink, Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Government of India (October 28, 2013).
  2. ^ "Scheduled Caste Welfare – List of Scheduled Castes". Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. 16 August 2012 रोजी पाहिले. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (सहाय्य)
  3. ^ Kumar (1992), The affirmative action debate in India, Asian Survey, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 290–302
  4. ^ FACTORS AND CONSTRAINTS FOR ADOPTING NEW AGRICULTURAL “I wish that you would issue instructions to your translation committee that the translation of Scheduled Tribes should be, literally meaning original inhabitants or indigenous peoples). The word Adivisi has grace."
  5. ^ 2011 Census Primary Census Abstract
  6. ^ "Half of India's dalit population lives in 4 states".
  7. ^ Text of the Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950, as amended
  8. ^ Text of the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950, as amended
  9. ^ "Scheduled Communities: A social Development profile of SC/ST's (Bihar, Jharkhand & W.B)" (PDF).
  10. ^ "THE CONSTITUTION (SCHEDULED CASTES) ORDER, 1950". lawmin.nic.in.
  11. ^ "1. THE CONSTITUTION (SCHEDULED TRIBES)". lawmin.nic.in.
  12. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions – Scheduled Caste Welfare: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India". socialjustice.nic.in. Archived from the original on 30 June 2015. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (सहाय्य)
  13. ^ "Definition". tribal.nic.in.
  14. ^ Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Introduction
  15. ^ Sachar Committee Questions and Answer Archived 3 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
  16. ^ Sachar, Rajindar (2006). "Sachar Committee Report (2004–2005)" (PDF). Government of India. 2008-09-27 रोजी पाहिले.
  17. ^ Sachar, Rajindar (2006). "Minority Report" (PDF). Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 December 2008. 2008-09-27 रोजी पाहिले. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (सहाय्य)
  18. ^ [१] Archived 8 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  19. ^ "National Commission for Schedule Castes".
  20. ^ "THE CONSTITUTION (EIGHTY-NINTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 2003".
  21. ^ "Constitution of India as of 29 July 2008" (PDF). The Constitution Of India. Ministry of Law & Justice. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 September 2014. 13 April 2011 रोजी पाहिले. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (सहाय्य)
  22. ^ http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/community-status-lapses-on-conversion-rules-madras-high-court/article4843717.ece
  23. ^ http://www.planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/scp&tsp/noteguidelinesFor.doc. 9 February 2013 रोजी पाहिले. Missing or empty |title= (सहाय्य)[मृत दुवा]साचा:Cbignore
  24. ^ A paradox within a paradox: Scheduled castes fertility in Kerala

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