"अनुसूचित जाती आणि अनुसूचित जमाती" च्या विविध आवृत्यांमधील फरक

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[[File:2011 Census Scheduled Tribes distribution map India by state and union territory.svg|thumb|360px|२०११ च्या जनगणनेनुसार भारतातील राज्यांमधील अनुसूचित जमातींचा (आदिवासी) विवरण नकाशा.<ref name="2011Census"/> [[मिझोरम]] आणि [[लक्षद्विप]]मध्ये अनु. जमातींचे सर्वाधिक प्रमाण (~95%), तर पंजाब आणि [[हरियाणा]]मध्ये ०%.<ref name=2011Census/>]]
[[File:2011 Census Scheduled Tribes distribution map India by state and union territory.svg|thumb|360px|२०११ च्या जनगणनेनुसार भारतातील राज्यांमधील अनुसूचित जमातींचा (आदिवासी) विवरण नकाशा.<ref name="2011Census"/> [[मिझोरम]] आणि [[लक्षद्विप]]मध्ये अनु. जमातींचे सर्वाधिक प्रमाण (~95%), तर पंजाब आणि [[हरियाणा]]मध्ये ०%.<ref name=2011Census/>]]


'''अनुसूचित जाती'''<ref name="List of SC">{{cite web|title=Scheduled Caste Welfare – List of Scheduled Castes |url=http://socialjustice.nic.in/sclist.php |publisher=Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment |accessdate=16 August 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913050030/http://socialjustice.nic.in:80/sclist.php |archivedate=13 September 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref> ([[दलित]]) आणि '''अनुसूचित जमाती''' ([[आदिवासी]]) हे [[भारत]]ातील ऐतिहासिकदृष्ट्या विविध अशा वंचित देशी लोकांचा अधिकृतपणे नियुक्त गट आहे. [[भारतीय संविधान]]ानुसार ह्या समूहांना दोन गटांत विभागले जातात.
'''अनुसूचित जाती'''<ref name="List of SC">{{cite web|title=Scheduled Caste Welfare – List of Scheduled Castes |url=http://socialjustice.nic.in/sclist.php |publisher=Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment |accessdate=16 August 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913050030/http://socialjustice.nic.in:80/sclist.php |archivedate=13 September 2012 |df=dmy }}</ref> ([[दलित]]) आणि '''अनुसूचित जमाती''' ([[आदिवासी]]) हे [[भारत]]ातील ऐतिहासिकदृष्ट्या विविध अशा वंचित देशी लोकांचा अधिकृतपणे नियुक्त गट आहे. [[भारतीय संविधान]]ानुसार ह्या समूहांना दोन गटांत विभागले जातात. भारतीय उपखंडात [[ब्रिटिश]] काळात ते डिप्रेस्ड क्लासेस (मागास वर्ग) म्हणून ओळखले जात होते. अनुसूचित जाती मध्ये किती टक्के लोक मूलत: भारतीय समाजाच्या खालच्या भागात लोक टक्केवारी आहे.


⚫
आधुनिक साहित्यात, अनुसूचित जाती कधी कधी आदि-[[द्रविड]] किंवा [[दलित]] म्हणून उल्लेखित आहेत.<ref>Kumar (1992), The affirmative action debate in India, Asian Survey, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 290–302</ref><ref>[http://jocipe.com/jocipe5.html FACTORS AND CONSTRAINTS FOR ADOPTING NEW AGRICULTURAL] “I wish that you would issue instructions to your translation committee that the translation of Scheduled Tribes should be, literally meaning original inhabitants or indigenous peoples). The word Adivisi has grace."</ref>
During the period of [[British Raj|British rule in the Indian subcontinent]], they were known as the Depressed Classes. The percentage of people in scheduled castes is essentially the percentage of people in the lower part of Indian society.


⚫
२०११ च्या भारतीय जनगणनेनुसार, भारताच्या लोकसंख्येत अनुसूचित जाती आणि अनुसूचित जमाती अनुक्रमे '''१६.६%''' आणि '''८.६%''' आहे.<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hlo/pca/pca_pdf/PCA-CRC-0000.pdf 2011 Census Primary Census Abstract]</ref><ref name="CensusDalit">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Half-of-Indias-dalit-population-lives-in-4-states/articleshow/19827757.cms|title=Half of India’s dalit population lives in 4 states}}</ref> या दोन समूहांची एकत्रित लोकसंख्या ही २५.२% (३१ कोटी) आहे, जर ही संख्या एक देश म्हणून गृहित धरली तर हा [[चीन]], [[भारत]] व [[अमेरीका]] नंतर जगातला चौथा सर्वात मोठा देश ठरू शकतो. स्वातंत्र्य प्राप्तीनंतर भारताच्या संविधानाद्वारे या मागास समूहांना आरक्षण लागू करण्यात आले.<ref>[http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/subord/rule3a.htm Text of the ''Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950'', as amended]</ref> and the ''Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950'' lists 744 tribes across 22 states in its First Schedule.<ref>[http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/subord/rule9a.htm Text of the ''Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950'', as amended]</ref>
⚫
In modern literature, the ''Scheduled Castes'' are sometimes referred to as adi dravida or [[Dalit]]s.<ref>Kumar (1992), The affirmative action debate in India, Asian Survey, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 290–302</ref><ref>[http://jocipe.com/jocipe5.html FACTORS AND CONSTRAINTS FOR ADOPTING NEW AGRICULTURAL] “I wish that you would issue instructions to your translation committee that the translation of Scheduled Tribes should be, literally meaning original inhabitants or indigenous peoples). The word Adivisi has grace."</ref>

अनुसूचित
⚫
The Scheduled Castes and [[List of Scheduled Tribes in India|Scheduled Tribes]] comprise about 16.6 percent and 8.6 percent, respectively, of India's population (according to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]]).<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hlo/pca/pca_pdf/PCA-CRC-0000.pdf 2011 Census Primary Census Abstract]</ref><ref name="CensusDalit">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Half-of-Indias-dalit-population-lives-in-4-states/articleshow/19827757.cms|title=Half of India’s dalit population lives in 4 states}}</ref> The ''Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950'' lists 1,108 [[Caste system in India|castes]] across 29 [[States and territories of India|states]] in its First Schedule,<ref>[http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/subord/rule3a.htm Text of the ''Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950'', as amended]</ref> and the ''Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950'' lists 744 tribes across 22 states in its First Schedule.<ref>[http://lawmin.nic.in/ld/subord/rule9a.htm Text of the ''Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950'', as amended]</ref>

Since independence, the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes were given [[reservation in India|Reservation status]], guaranteeing political representation. The Constitution lays down the general principles of [[affirmative action]] for SCs and STs.


== इतिहास ==
== इतिहास ==

२२:१९, २ मार्च २०१७ ची आवृत्ती

२०११ च्या जनगणनेनुसार भारतातील राज्यांमधील अनुसूचित जातींचा (दलित) विवरण नकाशा.[१] पंजाबमध्ये अनु. जातींचे सर्वाधिक प्रमाण (३२%) तर भारताच्या केंद्रसाशित प्रदेशात व दोन ईशान्य राज्यात ० %.[१]
२०११ च्या जनगणनेनुसार भारतातील राज्यांमधील अनुसूचित जमातींचा (आदिवासी) विवरण नकाशा.[१] मिझोरम आणि लक्षद्विपमध्ये अनु. जमातींचे सर्वाधिक प्रमाण (~95%), तर पंजाब आणि हरियाणामध्ये ०%.[१]

अनुसूचित जाती[२] (दलित) आणि अनुसूचित जमाती (आदिवासी) हे भारतातील ऐतिहासिकदृष्ट्या विविध अशा वंचित देशी लोकांचा अधिकृतपणे नियुक्त गट आहे. भारतीय संविधानानुसार ह्या समूहांना दोन गटांत विभागले जातात. भारतीय उपखंडात ब्रिटिश काळात ते डिप्रेस्ड क्लासेस (मागास वर्ग) म्हणून ओळखले जात होते. अनुसूचित जाती मध्ये किती टक्के लोक मूलत: भारतीय समाजाच्या खालच्या भागात लोक टक्केवारी आहे.

आधुनिक साहित्यात, अनुसूचित जाती कधी कधी आदि-द्रविड किंवा दलित म्हणून उल्लेखित आहेत.[३][४]

२०११ च्या भारतीय जनगणनेनुसार, भारताच्या लोकसंख्येत अनुसूचित जाती आणि अनुसूचित जमाती अनुक्रमे १६.६% आणि ८.६% आहे.[५][६] या दोन समूहांची एकत्रित लोकसंख्या ही २५.२% (३१ कोटी) आहे, जर ही संख्या एक देश म्हणून गृहित धरली तर हा चीन, भारत व अमेरीका नंतर जगातला चौथा सर्वात मोठा देश ठरू शकतो. स्वातंत्र्य प्राप्तीनंतर भारताच्या संविधानाद्वारे या मागास समूहांना आरक्षण लागू करण्यात आले.[७] and the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950 lists 744 tribes across 22 states in its First Schedule.[८]

इतिहास

Since the 1850s these communities were loosely referred to as Depressed Classes, with the Scheduled Tribes also being known as Adivasi ("original inhabitants"). The early 20th century saw a flurry of activity in the Raj assessing the feasibility of responsible self-government for India. The Morley–Minto Reforms Report, Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms Report and the Simon Commission were several initiatives in this context. A highly contested issue in the proposed reforms was the reservation of seats for representation of the Depressed Classes in provincial and central legislatures.

In 1935, Parliament passed the Government of India Act 1935, designed to give Indian provinces greater self-rule and set up a national federal structure. The reservation of seats for the Depressed Classes was incorporated into the act, which came into force in 1937. The Act introduced the term "Scheduled Castes", defining the group as "such castes, races or tribes or parts of groups within castes, races or tribes, which appear to His Majesty in Council to correspond to the classes of persons formerly known as the 'Depressed Classes', as His Majesty in Council may prefer".[९] This discretionary definition was clarified in The Government of India (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1936, which contained a list (or Schedule) of castes throughout the British-administered provinces.

After independence the Constituent Assembly continued the prevailing definition of Scheduled Castes and Tribes, giving (via articles 341 and 342) the president of India and governors of the states a mandate to compile a full listing of castes and tribes (with the power to edit it later, as required). The complete list of castes and tribes was made via two orders: The Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950[१०] and The Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950,[११] respectively.

अनु. जाती-जमातींची धार्मिक लोकसंख्या

According to the Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Orders (Amendment) Act, 1990, Scheduled Castes can only belong to Hindu or Sikh or Buddhist religions.[१२][१३] There is no religion bar in case of Scheduled Tribes.[१४][१५] The Sachar Committee report of 2006 revealed that scheduled castes and tribes of India are not limited to the religion of Hinduism. The 61st round Survey of the NSSO found that 90% of the Buddhists, one-third of the Sikhs, and one-third of the Christians in India belonged to the notified scheduled castes or tribes of the Constitution.[१६][१७]

जात प्रवर्गाचे प्रत्येक धर्मानूसार वर्गीकरण (२००४-०५) अनुसूचित जाती अनुसूचित जमाती इतर मागास वर्ग इतर एकूण
हिंदू 22.2 9.1 42.8 26.0 100
मुस्लिम 0.8 0.5 39.2 59.5 100
ख्रिश्चन 9.0 32.8 24.8 33.3 100
शिख 30.7 0.9 22.4 46.1 100
जैन 0.0 2.6 3.0 94.3 100
बौद्ध 89.5 7.4 0.4 2.7 100
पारशी 0.0 15.9 13.7 70.4 100
इतर 2.6 82.5 6.2 8.7 100
एकूण 19.5 8.7 41.1 30.8 100

Steps taken by the government to improve the situation of SC and ST

The Constitution provides a three-pronged strategy[१८] to improve the situation of SCs and STs:

  • Protective arrangements: Such measures as are required to enforce equality, to provide punitive measures for transgressions, to eliminate established practices that perpetuate inequities, etc. A number of laws were enacted to implement the provisions in the Constitution. Examples of such laws include The Untouchability Practices Act, 1955, Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, The Employment of Manual Scavengers and Construction of Dry Latrines (Prohibition) Act, 1993, etc.
  • Affirmative action: Provide positive treatment in allotment of jobs and access to higher education as a means to accelerate the integration of the SCs and STs with mainstream society. Affirmative action is popularly known as reservation.
  • Development: Provide resources and benefits to bridge the socioeconomic gap between the SCs and STs and other communities. Major part played by the Hidayatullah National Law University.

National commissions

To effectively implement the various safeguards built into the Constitution and other legislation, the Constitution under Articles 338 and 338A provides for two statutory commissions: the National Commission for Scheduled Castes,[१९] and the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.[२०] The chairpersons of both commissions sit ex officio on the National Human Rights Commission.

Constitutional history

In the original Constitution, Article 338 provided for a special officer (the Commissioner for SCs and STs) responsible for monitoring the implementation of constitutional and legislative safeguards for SCs and STs and reporting to the president. Seventeen regional offices of the Commissioner were established throughout the country.

There was an initiative to replace the Commissioner with a committee in the 48th Amendment to the Constitution, changing Article 338. While the amendment was being debated, the Ministry of Welfare established the first committee for SCs and STs (with the functions of the Commissioner) in August 1978. These functions were modified in September 1987 to include advising the government on broad policy issues and the development levels of SCs and STs. Now it is included in Article 342.

In 1990, Article 338 was amended for the National Commission for SCs and STs with the Constitution (Sixty fifth Amendment) Bill, 1990.[२१] The first commission under the 65th Amendment was constituted in March 1992, replacing the Commissioner for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and the commission established by the Ministry of Welfare's Resolution of 1989. In 2003, the Constitution was again amended to divide the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes into two commissions: the National Commission for Scheduled Castes and the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes. Due to the spread of Christianity and Islam among schedule caste/Tribe community converted are not protected as castes under Indian Reservation policy. Hence, these societies usually forge their community certificate as Hindus and practice Christianity or Islam afraid for their loss of reservation.[२२]

Scheduled Castes Sub-Plan

The Scheduled Castes Sub-Plan (SCSP) of 1979 mandated a planning process for the social, economic and educational development of Scheduled Castes and improvement in their working and living conditions. It was an umbrella strategy, ensuring the flow of targeted financial and physical benefits from the general sector of development to the Scheduled Castes.[२३] It entailed a targeted flow of funds and associated benefits from the annual plan of states and Union Territories (UTs) in at least a proportion to the national SC population. Twenty-seven states and UTs with sizable SC populations are implementing the plan. Although the Scheduled Castes population according to the 2001 Census was 16.66 crores (16.23 percent of the total population), the allocations made through SCSP have been lower than the proportional population.[ संदर्भ हवा ]. A strange factor has emerged of extremely lowered fertility of scheduled castes in Kerala, due to land reform, migrating Kerala Gulf diaspora and democratization of education.[२४]

अनुसूचित जातींची यादी

महाराष्ट्र

महाराष्ट्राच्या एकूण लोकसंख्येत १२% किंवा १ कोटी ३५ लाख लोकसंख्या ही अनुसूचित जाती समूहांची आहे. महाराष्ट्रातील ५९ जातींचा अनुसूचित जातींत समावेश होतर, यात लोकसंख्येनुसार महार, मांग व चांभार हे तीन समाज अनुक्रमे पहिल्या, दुसऱ्या व तिसऱ्या क्रमांकावर आहे.

अनुसूचित जमातींची यादी

हे ही पहा

टिपा

  1. ^ a b c d Census of India 2011, Primary Census Abstractसाचा:PPTlink, Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes, Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Government of India (October 28, 2013).
  2. ^ "Scheduled Caste Welfare – List of Scheduled Castes". Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment. Archived from the original on 13 September 2012. 16 August 2012 रोजी पाहिले. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (सहाय्य)
  3. ^ Kumar (1992), The affirmative action debate in India, Asian Survey, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 290–302
  4. ^ FACTORS AND CONSTRAINTS FOR ADOPTING NEW AGRICULTURAL “I wish that you would issue instructions to your translation committee that the translation of Scheduled Tribes should be, literally meaning original inhabitants or indigenous peoples). The word Adivisi has grace."
  5. ^ 2011 Census Primary Census Abstract
  6. ^ "Half of India's dalit population lives in 4 states".
  7. ^ Text of the Constitution (Scheduled Castes) Order, 1950, as amended
  8. ^ Text of the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) Order, 1950, as amended
  9. ^ "Scheduled Communities: A social Development profile of SC/ST's (Bihar, Jharkhand & W.B)" (PDF).
  10. ^ "THE CONSTITUTION (SCHEDULED CASTES) ORDER, 1950". lawmin.nic.in.
  11. ^ "1. THE CONSTITUTION (SCHEDULED TRIBES)". lawmin.nic.in.
  12. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions – Scheduled Caste Welfare: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India". socialjustice.nic.in. Archived from the original on 30 June 2015. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (सहाय्य)
  13. ^ "Definition". tribal.nic.in.
  14. ^ Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Introduction
  15. ^ Sachar Committee Questions and Answer Archived 3 September 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
  16. ^ Sachar, Rajindar (2006). "Sachar Committee Report (2004–2005)" (PDF). Government of India. 2008-09-27 रोजी पाहिले.
  17. ^ Sachar, Rajindar (2006). "Minority Report" (PDF). Government of India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 December 2008. 2008-09-27 रोजी पाहिले. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (सहाय्य)
  18. ^ [१] Archived 8 May 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  19. ^ "National Commission for Schedule Castes".
  20. ^ "THE CONSTITUTION (EIGHTY-NINTH AMENDMENT) ACT, 2003".
  21. ^ "Constitution of India as of 29 July 2008" (PDF). The Constitution Of India. Ministry of Law & Justice. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 September 2014. 13 April 2011 रोजी पाहिले. Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (सहाय्य)
  22. ^ http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/community-status-lapses-on-conversion-rules-madras-high-court/article4843717.ece
  23. ^ http://www.planningcommission.nic.in/plans/stateplan/scp&tsp/noteguidelinesFor.doc. 9 February 2013 रोजी पाहिले. Missing or empty |title= (सहाय्य)[मृत दुवा]साचा:Cbignore
  24. ^ A paradox within a paradox: Scheduled castes fertility in Kerala

बाह्य कडी

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