मराठी लोक

ह्या लेखाचा/विभागाचा इंग्रजी किंवा अमराठी भाषेतून मराठी भाषेत भाषांतर करावयाचे बाकी आहे. अनुवाद करण्यास आपलाही सहयोग हवा आहे. ऑनलाईन शब्दकोश आणि इतर सहाय्या करिता भाषांतर प्रकल्पास भेट द्या. कृपया, पुढील भाषांतर संकेतांचे पालन आवर्जून करा. विकिपीडिया:शीर्षकलेखन संकेत अनुसार काही अपवाद वगळता लेख शीर्षके मराठीतच असणे अभिप्रेत आहे. एकूण लेख संख्येच्या अंदाजे २% पेक्षा अधिक लेख भाषांतर प्रतिक्षेत (इंग्रजी मसुद्याच्या स्वरूपात) असू नयेत असा संकेत आहे. स्वतःच्या संपादन संख्येच्या २% पेक्षा अधिक लेखात मसुदे परभाषेत चिटकवू नयेत.

हा लेख मराठी भाषक समाजाला उद्देशून वापरले जाणारे समूहवाचक नाव याबद्दल आहे. या शब्दाच्या इतर उपयोगांसाठी पाहा, मराठी (निःसंदिग्धीकरण).

मराठी माणसे / महाराष्ट्रीय
छ. शिवाजी महाराज • डॉ. बाबासाहेब आंबेडकर ज्योतिबा फुले • बाळ गंगाधर टिळक धुंडिराज गोविंद फाळके • तुकाराम सचिन तेंडुलकर • माधुरी दीक्षित • रजनीकांत
एकूण लोकसंख्या
आठ ते नऊ कोटी
लोकसंख्येचे प्रदेश
प्रमुख लोकसंख्या महाराष्ट्र गोवा लक्षणीय लोकसंख्या कर्नाटक तेलंगणा गुजरात मध्य प्रदेश तामिळनाडू इतर संयुक्त राजेशाही अमेरिकेची संयुक्त संस्थाने अरब राष्ट्रे सिंगापूर हाँगकाँग संयुक्त अरब अमिराती स्वित्झर्लंड मॉरिशस इस्रायल
भाषा
मराठी
धर्म
हिंदू, बौद्ध, इस्लाम, ख्रिश्चन, यहुदी
संबंधित वांशिक लोकसमूह
इंडो-युरोपीय, इंडो-इराणी, इंडो-आर्यन

मराठी (अन्य नावे: मराठी माणसे, महाराष्ट्रीय) हा गट मूळचा भारतीय उपखंडातील असून, दक्षिण भारतातील दख्खन/डेक्कन प्रांत किंवा सध्याचे महाराष्ट्र राज्य, ह्या ठिकाणी या लोकांचे मूळ निवासस्थान आहे.मराठी ही त्यांची मातृभाषा असून, ती इंडो-आर्यन दक्षिण विभाग समूहातील एक प्रमुख भाषा आहे. मराठी माणसांचा लष्करी इतिहास हा असामान्य आहे. इंग्रजांच्या भारतातील प्रवेशापूर्वी मराठा साम्राज्य हे भारतीय उपखंडात पसरले होते. मराठे हे द्रविडी परंपरेतले असून, बळीवंशातील ते मूळनिवासी आहेत. मराठ्यांची पुर्वी लढवैय्या व क्षत्रिय म्हणून ओळख होती. काही जण हे हूण, ग्रीक, पर्शियन वंशातील आहेत.

शब्दस्रोत

मराठ्यांच्या साम्राज्याचा झेंडा

मराठी माणसे महाराष्ट्रीय या समूह नावानेही ओळखली जातात. महाराष्ट्रीय माणसांना मराठी माणूस म्हणण्याचे कारण म्हणजे त्यांची भाषा मराठी ही आहे. महाराष्ट्र आणि मराठी या शब्दांच्या उत्पत्तीबाबत वेगवेगळी माहिती उपलब्ध आहे. एका माहितीनुसार मराठी लोकांचे पूर्वज असलेल्या दख्खन प्रांतातील लोकांना सम्राट अशोकांच्या काळात "राष्ट्रिक" म्हणून संबोधले जात होते. महाराष्ट्री प्राकृत भाषा ही या लोकांशी संबंधित असून मराठी या शब्दाचा उगम हा महाराष्ट्री या शब्दापासून झाला आहे.
महाराष्ट्री प्राकृत ही भाषा सातवाहन काळातील अधिकृत भाषा होती. मात्र या माहितीमध्ये राष्ट्रिक या शब्दाचे मूळ व राष्ट्रिक शब्द व दख्खनचे लोक यातील संबंध कोठेही दिलेला नाही. संस्कृत शब्द "राष्ट्र" हा सध्या देश या अर्थाने वापरला जातो. मात्र काही शतकांपूर्वी हा शब्द कोणत्याही एका प्रशासकीय घटकासाठी वापरला जात असावा. दुसऱ्या माहितीनुसार मराठी आणि राष्ट्री यांचा संबंध "रट्ट" या शब्दाशी जोडला जातो. रट्ट हा राष्ट्रकूट शब्दाचा अपभ्रंश आहे. राष्ट्रकूट घराणे हे आठव्या ते दहाव्या शतकामध्ये दख्खन प्रांतावर राज्य करत होते. मात्र सम्राट अशोकांच्या काळातील लेख हे राष्ट्रकूटांपेक्षा बरेच पुरातन असल्यामुळे दोन्ही लेखांचा पडताळा घेणे अवघड आहे.
मराठी ही यादव राजवटीमध्ये राजभाषा होती.यादव राजा सिंघण हा त्याच्या दानशूरपणाबद्दल प्रसिद्ध होता. त्याच्या दानशूरपणाबद्दलची माहिती ही मराठी शिलालेखांच्या स्वरूपात कोल्हापूरच्या महालक्ष्मी मंदिरात पहायला मिळते. हेमाद्रीसारख्या विद्वान व्यक्तींच्या रचनाही मराठीत उपलब्ध आहेत. हेमाद्री यांची हेमाडपंती मंदिरांची रचना प्रसिद्ध आहे.
मराठीतील शिलालेख हे रायगडमधील आक्षी, पाटण, पंढरपूर वगैरे ठिकाणी आहेत. या शिलालेखांपैकी सर्वांत लोकप्रिय शिलालेख हा कर्नाटकातील श्रावणबेळगोळ येथील गोमटेश्वराच्या (बाहुबली) पायाशी आहे. हा लेख खालीलप्रमाणे आहे.
चामुंडराये करवियले, गंगाराये सुत्ताल करवियाले.... या लेखामधून पुतळ्याचे शिल्पकार व तत्कालीन राजाबद्दल माहिती मिळते.

महाराष्ट्राचा इतिहास

History from ancient to Medieval Period

During ancient period around 230 BC Maharashtra came under the rule of the Satavahana dynasty which ruled the region for 400 years. The greatest ruler of the Satavahana Dynasty was Gautami putra Satakarni. The Vakataka dynasty ruled Maharashtra from the 3rd century to the 5th century. The Chalukya dynasty ruled Maharashtra from the 6th century to the 8th century and the two prominent rulers were Pulakeshin II, who defeated the north Indian Emperor Harsh and Vikramaditya II, who defeated the Arab invaders in the 8th century. The Rashtra kuta Dynasty ruled Maharashtra from the 8th to the 10th century. The Arab traveler Sulaiman called the ruler of the Rashtrakuta Dynasty (Amoghavarsha) as "one of the 4 great kings of the world". From the early 11th century to the 12th century the Deccan Plateau was dominated by the Western Chalukya Empire and the Chola dynasty. The Seuna dynasty, also known as the Yadav dynasty ruled Maharashtra from the 13th century to the 14th century. The Yadavas were defeated by the Khiljis in 1321.After the Yadav defeat, the area was ruled for the next 300 years by a succession of Muslim rulers including in the chronological order, the Khiljis , the Tughlaqs, the Bahamani Sultanate and its successor states such as Adilshahi and Nizamshahi and the Mughal Empire.

सन १६०० पूर्वीचा मराठ्यांचा इतिहास (शिवाजी महाराजांच्या उदयापूर्वीचा)

उपलब्ध असलेल्या सर्वांत पुरातन माहितीनुसार हल्ली महाराष्ट्र या नावाने ओळखला जाणारा प्रदेश पूर्वी "दंडकारण्य" म्हणून ओळखला जात होता. दंडकारण्य या शब्दाचा अर्थ "कायद्याचे राज्य असलेले अरण्य" असा आहे.

इसवी सन पूर्व ६०० मध्ये महाराष्ट्र हा प्रदेश हे एक महाजनपद होते. मात्र आर्यांच्या प्रवेशापूर्वी या प्रदेशाचे नागरिकीकरण झाले होते की नाही ही माहिती अज्ञात आहे. सम्राट अशोकानंतर हा प्रदेश मौर्य साम्राज्याचा भाग झाला व त्याचे आर्यीकरण संपादन झाले.
इसवी सन पूर्व २३० मध्ये स्थानिक राजघराणे सातवाहन हे महाराष्ट्रात सत्तेवर आले. पुण्याजवळील जुन्नर येथील या घराण्याने पुढे उत्तर कर्नाटक व आंध्र प्रदेशातील विजयानंतर एक मोठे साम्राज्य स्थापन केले.
आजचे बहुतेक मराठी लोक हे या साम्राज्याचे वंशज आहेत, असे मानण्यात येते. हे साम्राज्य गौतमपुत्र सत्कर्णी उर्फ शालिवाहन याच्या काळात उत्कर्षाला पोचले. शालिवाहन राजाने नवीन दिनदर्शिका व कालगणना सुरू केली. शालिवाहन शक नावाची ही कालगणना मराठी माणसांकडून आजही मोठ्या प्रमाणावर वापरली जाते. या साम्राज्याचा अस्त इसवी सन ३०० च्या आसपास झाला. मराठीच्या पूर्वीची भाषा असलेल्या महाराष्ट्री भाषेचा वापर सातवाहन काळात सुरू झाला. सातवाहन काळानंतर या प्रदेशावर अनेक लहान लहान राजघराण्यांनी राज्य केले. हा प्रदेश पुढे आठव्या शतकात राष्ट्रकूट घराण्याने जिंकून आपल्या राज्याला जोडला. राष्ट्रकूट घराण्याच्या पाडावानंतर येथे देवगिरीच्या यादवांचे राज्य आले. त्यांनी मराठी ही अधिकृत भाषा बनवली. त्यांचे राज्य १३व्या शतकापर्यंत चालले. पुढे हा प्रदेश मुस्लिम साम्राज्यांतर्गत आला. दख्खनच्या सुलतानीच्या अमलाखाली महाराष्ट्र सुमारे तीन शतके होता.

मराठा साम्राज्य

मराठा साम्राज्याचा विस्तार इ.स.१७६०, ज्या काळात मराठा साम्राज्य आपल्या शिखरावर होते.(पिवळ्या रंगाने दर्शविले आहे)

१७व्या शतकाच्या मध्यात शिवाजी महाराजांनी मराठा साम्राज्याची स्थापना केली. अनेक विजय व असामान्य कामगिरीनंतर शिवाजी महाराजांचे १६८० मध्ये निधन झाले. शिवाजी महाराजांकडून अनेक वेळा पराभव झालेल्या मोगलांनी १६८१ मध्ये महाराष्ट्रावर आक्रमण केले. शिवाजी महाराजांचा मुलगा संभाजी हा एका छोट्या लढाईनंतर महाराष्ट्राचा राजा झाला. तुलनेने अधिक बलवान शत्रूशी लढा देताना संभाजीने मराठ्यांचे उत्कृष्ट नेतृत्व केले. संभाजी एकही किल्ला किंवा प्रदेश हरला नाही. मात्र १६८९ मध्ये फितुरीमुळे औरंगजेबाच्या हाती सापडल्यानंतर संभाजीची क्रूरपणाने हत्या करण्यात आली. आपल्या नेत्याच्या मृत्यूमुळे निर्नायकी व निराश झालेल्या मराठ्यांचे नेतृत्व संभाजीचा धाकटा भाऊ राजाराम याने केले. त्याच्या मृत्यूनंतर साम्राज्याची सूत्रे ताराराणी ने घेतली आपल्या अज्ञान मुलांच्या नावाने स्वतः राज्य कारभार पाहिल पण त्याच वेळी औरंगजेबाच्या कैदेत आसणारा शाहू यांनी मोर्चेबाधनी करून ताराराणी विरुद्ध बंड केले मराठा सरदारांनी मध्यस्थी करुन ताराराणीस कोल्हापूर व शाहूस सातारचे संस्थान दिले गेले पुढे शाहूने पेशवाई निर्माण करून बाळाजी विश्वनाथ यास पेशवा पहीला याच्यापेशव्यांच्या हातात आली. पहिला बाजीराव आणि बाळाजी बाजीराव यांनी मोठा साम्राज्यविस्तार केला. त्यांच्या काळखंडात संपूर्ण उपखंडावर मराठ्यांची सत्ता होती. पुणे हे सत्तेचे केंद्र झाले होते. मात्र पानिपतच्या तिसऱ्या लढाईनंतर हे साम्राज्य छोट्या छोट्या प्रदेशात विभागले गेले. ब्रिटिशांनी दुसऱ्या बाजीरावाचा पराभव करेपर्यंत महादजी शिंदे यांच्या प्रयत्नांमुळे हे प्रदेश एकत्र होते.

ब्रिटिश राजवट

British colonial rule

Areas that correspond to present day Maharashtra were under direct or indirect British rule, first under the East India company and then under British crown from 1858. Marathi people during this era resided in the Bombay presidency, Berar, Central provinces, Hyderabad state and in various princely states that are currently part of the present day Maharashtra. Significant Marathi population also resided in Maratha princely states far from Maharashtra such as Baroda, Gwalior, Indore, and Tanjore.

British rule over more than a century saw huge changes that were seen in all spheres, social, economic and others as well.

धर्म

बहुसंख्य मराठी लोक हे हिंदू आहेत. अल्पसंख्यकात बौद्ध, जैन, ख्रिश्चन, मुस्लिम आणि यहूदी यांचा समावेश होतो.

जाती आणि समाज (समूह)

Marathi people form an ethno-linguistic group that is distinct from others in terms of its language, history, cultural and religious practices, social structure, literature and art.

isher=Madhya Pradesh District Gazetteers|location=Bhopal, India|pages=138–139|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hqE8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA139&lpg=PA139&dq=maharashtrian+brahmin+sub+castes&source=bl&ots=PclchVEK90&sig=PcPQhWFAKi3MsNSwHt8ro3tuUIM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEsQ6AEwB2oVChMIneCE77bPyAIVidgeCh247Qm9#v=onepage&q=maharashtrian%20brahmin%20sub%20castes&f=false%7Caccessdate=19 October 2015}}</ref> The most common last names for people in the Brahmin caste includes Joshi, Deshpande, Kulkarni, Gokhale, Sane, etc.

• Chambhar – Their traditional occupation was leather work. The community is designated as a Scheduled Caste
• (CKP) – Traditionally considered to be a well-educated Kshatriya-Brahmin community. They competed with Marathi Brahmins for military and administrative positions under Maratha and British rule. Socially and culturally, the community is close to the Marathi Brahmin community. They are also considered part of the broader Kayastha community. The CKPs are today concentrated primarily in western Maharashtra, southern Gujarat, and Madhya Pradesh (Indore region).
• Bhoi - The 22 sub-groups of the community found there use the Ahirani language within their family and within kin groups but speak in Marathi while talking to the others
• Lonari - The lomesh Rushi belonged to this community.
• Dhangar – The Shepherd caste. The Holkar rulers of Indore belonged to this community. Today it is classified as a Nomadic Tribe by the Government of India
• Gurav – This community traditionally looked after Hindu temples and in some temples are the only temple priests.
• Mangela Koli – Society Of Mangela is Very Mature Caste in Koli. Is the Sub-Caste Of Koli.Is Belongs From Western Region Of Maharashtra.The etymology of the word Mangela comes from the words Mang, meaning fishing nets in the Marathi language and Ela meaning people. Literally, the word means a Fisherman, and the Mangela Koli are a community of Koli Fishermen.
• Matang – This community associate with the work of making ropes in villages. people from this community even serve as a village musicians. some of the squire doing farming in there land.
• Maratha – The Marathas were traditionally considered to be Kshatriya in the Hindu ritual ranking system known as varna.
• Kunbi – Kunbi people were the traditional peasant group in Maharashtra and are found all around Maharashtra and numerically form the largest group among Marathi people. For most of the 20th century, the upper caste Maratha and the Kunbis were lumped together as one community. Now the Kunbis have been recognised as a separate OBC caste
• Mahar – This community accounts for 10% of the population of Maharashtra. Most of the Mahar community followed social reformer B. R. Ambedkar in converting to Buddhism in the mid 20th century and have been at the forefront of struggle for Dalit rights. The community is designated as a Scheduled Caste
• Pathare Prabhu – A caste associated with Mumbai for centuries.
• Vanjari- A caste of farmers that is believed to have been migrated from Rajasthan centuries ago. Found in most of the maharashtra and mainly in marathwada.
• Ramoshi
• Wani – Marathi Trader caste
• Aare, Arya kshatriya - A caste of soldiers and agriculturist. The community is originally from Telgu speaking regions and moved to Maharashtra three hundred years ago.

अ-हिंदू समाज

• Buddhist - Most buddhist Marathi people belong to the former Mahar community who adopted Buddhism en masse with Dr. Ambedkar in 1956.
• Christians – Portuguese missionaries brought Catholicism to this area during the 15th century, giving rise to the East Indian Marathi community, who are concentrated in and around Mumbai. Protestantism was brought to the region by American and Anglican missionaries during the 19th century, resulting in the community of Marathi Christians who are found in many parts of Maharashtra but concentrated mainly in the districts of Ahmednagar and Solapur.
• Konkani Muslims are Marathi Muslims from the Konkan region who speak the Marathi language. Other Muslims in Maharashtra tend to identify with the Islamic culture of North India and mostly speak an Urdu dialect called Dakhni.
• Sikhs – There is a small Sikh community called Dakhani or Maharashtrian Sikhs who migrated from the Punjab and settled in Maharashtra around 300 years ago. They came to south with their tenth Guru, Govind Singh, who visited Nanded of Maharashtra in 1708. They are mostly concentrated in Nanded, Aurangabad, Nagpur and Mumbai. They are fluent in the Marathi language and only a few know Punjabi.
• Jains – In present-day Maharashtra there many jain communities that are native to the area. The late educationalist Bhaurao Patil belonged to the Marathi jain community. The noted film personality of early Indian cinema, V. Shantaram's father was also a Marathi jain. Maharashtra had many Jain rulers such as the Rashtrakuta dynasty and the Shilaharas. Many of forts were built by kings from these dynasties and thus Jain temples or their remains are found in them. Texts such as the Shankardigvijaya and Shivlilamruta suggest that a large number of Maharashtrans were Jains in the ancient period.The first Marathi inscription known is at Shravanabelagola, Karnataka near the left foot of the statue of Bahubali, dated 981 CE.The oldest inscription in Maharashtra is a 2nd-century BC Jain inscription in a cave near Pale village in the Pune District. It was written in the Jain Prakrit and includes the Navkar Mantra.
• Jews – There is a community of Marathi Jews, popularly known as Bene Israel. It is estimated that there were 6,000 Bene Israel in the 1830s; 10,000 at the turn of the 20th century; and in 1948—their peak in India—they numbered 20,000. At present, they number around 60,000 in Israel,. The number of Bene Israel remaining in India was estimated to be around 5,000 in 1988

Marathi Diaspora

हेही बघा: Maharashtra Mandal

भारतातील दुसऱ्या राज्यात

As the Maratha Empire expanded across India, the Marathi population started migrating out of Maharashtra alongside their rulers. Peshwa, Holkars, Scindia and Gaekwad dynastic leaders took with them a considerable population of priests, clerks, clergymen, army men, businessmen and workers when they emigrated. These people have settled in various parts of India along with their rulers since the 1700s. Many families belonging to these groups still follow typical Marathi traditions even though they have lived more than १,००० किलोमीटर (६२० मैल) from Maharashtra for more than 100 years.

Other people have migrated in modern times in search of jobs outside Maharashtra. These people have also settled in almost all parts of the country. They have set up Community organizations called Maharashtra Mandals in many cities across the country. A national level central organization, the Brihan Maharashtra Mandal was formed in 1958 to promote Marathi culture outside Maharasthtra. Several sister organizations of the Brihan Maharashtra Mandal have also been formed outside India.

भारता बाहेरील मराठी

A group of Marathis also live in Nepal, where they have resided for around 17 generations

Notes:. However, they write their surnames differently and use Maharatta, Marahata, etc. The present-day Baloch tribes Bugtis and Marris are thought to be the descendants of Maratha soldiers and civilians who were taken as prisoners of war, after the defeat of Marathas in the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761

In the 1800s, a large number of Indian people were taken to Mauritius, Fiji, South Africa, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, Suriname, Jamaica, and other places in the Caribbean to as indentured laborers to work on sugarcane plantations. The majority of these migrants were from the Hindustani speaking areas or from Southern India, however, the migrants to Mauritius included a significant number of Marathis.

Since the state of Israel was established in 1948, around 25,000-30,000 Jews have emigrated there, of which around 20,000 were from the Marathi speaking Bene Israel community.

Indians including Marathi People have migrated to Europe and particularly Great Britain for more than a century. The Maharashtra Mandal of London was founded in 1932 A small number of Marathi people also settled in British East Africa during the colonial era. After the African Great Lakes countries of Kenya, Uganda and Tanganyka gained independence from Britain, most of the South Asian population residing there, including Marathi people, migrated to the United Kingdom, or India.

Large-scale immigration of Indians into the United States started when the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 came into effect. Most of the Marathi immigrants who came after 1965 were professionals such as doctors, engineers or scientists. A second wave of immigration took place during the I.T. boom of the 1990s and later.

Since 1990s due to the I.T. boom and because of the general ease of travel, Marathi people are now found in greater numbers in all corners of the world including The United States, Australia, Canada, Gulf countries, European countries, Japan and China.

संस्कृती

खानपान

Main articles: Maharashtrian cuisine and Malvani cuisine

The many communities in Indo-Aryan Marathi society result in a diverse cuisine. This diversity extends to the family level because each family uses its own unique combination of spices. The majority of Maharashtrians do eat meat and eggs, but the Brahmin community is mostly lacto-vegetarian. The traditional staple food on Desh (the Deccan plateau) is usually bhakri, spiced cooked vegetables, dal and rice. Bhakri is an Unleavened bread made using Indian millet (jowar), bajra or bajri. However, the North Maharashtrians and Urban people prefer roti, which is a plain bread made with Wheat flour. In the coastal Konkan region, rice is the traditional staple food. An aromatic variety of ambemohar rice is more popular amongst Marathi people than the internationally known basmati rice. Malvani dishes use more wet coconut and coconut milk in their preparation. In the Vidarbha region, little coconut is used in daily preparations but dry coconut, along with peanuts, are used in dishes such as spicy savjis or mutton and chicken dishes.

Thalipeeth is a popular traditional breakfast flat bread that is prepared using bhajani, a mixture of many different varieties of roasted lentils.

Marathi Hindu people observe fasting days when traditional staple food like rice and chapatis are avoided. However, milk products and non-native foods such as potatoes, peanuts and sabudana preparations (sabudana khicdi) are allowed, which result in a Carbohydrate rich alternative fasting cuisine.

Some Maharashtrian dishes including sev bhaji, misal pav and patodi are distinctly regional dishes within Maharashtra.

In metropolitan areas including Mumbai and Pune, the pace of life makes fast food very popular. The most popular forms of fast food amongst Marathi people in these areas are: bhaji, vada pav, misal pav and pav bhaji. More traditional dishes are sabudana khichdi, pohe, upma, sheera and panipuri. Most Marathi fast food and snacks are purely lacto-vegetarian in nature.

In South Konkan, near Malvan, an independent exotic cuisine has developed called Malvani cuisine, which is predominantly non-vegetarian. Kombdi vade, fish preparations and baked preparations are more popular here. Kombdi Vade, a recipe from Konkan region. Deep fried flat bread made from spicy rice and urid flour served with chicken curry, more specifically with Malvani chicken curry.

Desserts are an important part of Marathi food and include puran poli, shrikhand, basundi, kheer, gulab jamun, and modak. Traditionally, these desserts were associated with a particular festival, for example, modaks are prepared during the Ganpati Festival.

Attire

Women wearing lugade (nau wari), a traditional nine yard sari for a Rotary Club Party

Traditionally, Marathi women commonly wore the sari, often distinctly designed according to local cultural customs. Most middle aged and young women in urban Maharashtra dress in western outfits such as skirts and trousers or salwar kameez with the traditionally nauvari or nine-yard sari, disappearing from the markets due to a lack of demand. Older women wear the five-yard sari. In urban areas, the five-yard sari is worn by younger women for special occasions such as marriages and religious ceremonies. Among men, western dressing has greater acceptance. Men also wear traditional costumes such as the dhoti and pheta on cultural occasions. The Gandhi cap along with a long white shirt and loose pajama style trousers is the popular attire among older men in rural Maharathra. Women wear traditional jewelleries derived from Marathas and Peshwas dynasties. Kolhapuri saaj, a special type of necklace, is also worn by Marathi women. In urban areas, many women and men wear western attire.

संदर्भ

• जेम्स ग्रांट डफ ह्यांचे - A History of the Mahrattas, 3 vols. London, Longmans, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green (1826) ISBN 8170209560
• Haplogroups of the Marathi people
• Molecular insight into the genesis of ranked caste populations of western India सोनाली गायकवाड आणि व्ही.के.कश्यप लिखित.
• Influence of language and ancestry on genetic structure of contiguous populations संघमित्र शाहू आणि व्ही.के.कश्यप लिखित.
• Polarity and Temporality of High-Resolution Y-Chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists सेनगुप्ता लिखित.

बाह्य दुवे

• मराठे मराठीमाती
• [१]
• Information about Maratha Legends from Manase.org I म.न.से.अधिकृत संकेतस्थळावरील माहिती.
• http://www.gutenberg.org/files/20583/20583-8.txt
• The Maratha community मराठा.नेट.
• The Maharajas of Thanjavur सरस्वती महाल ग्रंथालय,तंजावुरची अधिकृत संकेतस्थळ.
• Maratha history
• "The Marathas" at Columbia Encyclopaedia
• J.T.Platt's Dictionary of Urdu, Hindi
• RoyalArk- (former British) India (here the Glossary page, see also individual dynasties)