मुझार्ट खिंड

**मुझार्ट खिंड**
	mountain pass in Xinjiang Xiate Valley looking south, Muzart Pass turns right before the snow-capped mountains
	माध्यमे अपभारण करा
	विकिपीडिया
प्रकार	घाट
स्थान	शिंच्यांग, चीन
पर्वतश्रेणी	थ्यॅन षान;
समुद्रसपाटीपासूनची उंची	३,५८२ m;
	४२° २१′ ३२.४″ N, ८०° ४७′ ५२.८″ E
अधिकार नियंत्रण
	Q48797041;
	रिसोनेंटेर; पेटस्केन; सखोलीया; ओपनस्ट्रीट मॅप; शोधक साधन; विकिशूटमी; चित्रित शोध;

मुझार्ट पास(मुझार्ट खिंड) ^[१] ही भारत-चीन सीमेवरील चीनच्या झिंझियांग प्रांतातील तियान शान नावाच्या उंच डोंगरावर आहे. ती तारिमच्या खोऱ्यातील अक्सू शहराला यिनिंग ऊर्फ कुळजा शहराला जोडते. हे कुळजा शहर इली नदीच्या खोऱ्यात वरच्या भागात येते.

मुझार्ट खिंडीला स्थानिक लोक झीट ट्रेल म्हणतात. यातील झीट हे एका गावाचे नाव आहे. ^[२]

व्युत्पत्ती[संपादन]

चिनी स्रोतांच्या मते, मुझ-आर्टहा शब्द "ग्लेशियर" साठी मंगोलिक शब्दापासून बनला आहे.^[३] पाश्चात्य स्रोतांनी " ^[४] बर्फ" म्हणजेच उझबेक म्हणून वाचले तर त्याचा अर्थ देखील आहे.^[५]

इतिहास[संपादन]

१८०० च्या उत्तरार्धात हा मार्ग ब्रिटिश एक्सप्लोरर हेन्री लॅन्स्डेल यांनी शोधला. प्रसिद्ध चिीनी अन्वेषक झुआनझांग यांनी चिनी क्लासिक जर्नीला पाश्चिमात्य देशासाठी प्रेरणा दिली.^[४] तथापि, विद्वानांचचे मत असे आहे की तो बेडल पास आहे ^[६] ज्युझानझांगने वर्णन केल्याप्रमाणे हा रस्ता "किंग्डम ऑफ बलुका"च्या वायव्येकडडे होता, आधुनिक काळातील अकसू शहर .^[७]

क्विंग राजवटीदरम्यान, ही खिंड सामरिक लष्कराला महत्त्व देणारी आहे. कारण, दक्षिण शिनजियांगमधील तारिम बेसिन आणि उत्तर शिनजियांगमधील इली येथे किंग पॉवर बेस यांच्यात विवाद होते.. मुझार्ट ग्लेशियरमुळे, किंग सरकारने या डोंगराच्या प्रवेशद्वारास अडथळा आणण्यासाठी बरेच कष्ट केले.^[१]^[८] याकूब बेग यांनी 1862 ते 1877च्या डंगन बंडाच्या वेळी हे श्रम थांबविले आणि ते दुर्गम बनले. १८७० च्या सुमारास, बंडखोरीच्या वेळी रशियन लोकांनी कुलझावर येण्यापासून रोखण्यासाठी याकूबचा ताबा ताब्यात घेतला ^[९] कुल्जाच्या तहात रशियाने घेतलेल्या व्यापारविषयक करारामुळे झिनजियांग किंग पुन्हा मिळवल्यानंतर, रशियन साम्राज्य आणि किंग यांच्यात सुरुवातीच्या वाटाघाटी झालेल्या लिवाडिया करारास मंजुरी मिळाल्यास इली व्हॅलीचा बराचसा भाग रशियापर्यंत या डोंगराळ प्रदेशाला रचला गेला असता. इतर युरोपीय शक्तींच्या पाठिंब्याने हा तह पुन्हा नव्याने झाला आणि सेंट पीटर्सबर्गचा 1881चा तह झाला .^[१०] १ In ०. मध्ये, फिनलँडचे अध्यक्ष गुस्ताफ मॅन्नेहेम, इम्पीरियल रशियन सैन्यात इंटेलिजन्स ऑफिसर म्हणून काम करत असताना येथून गेले.^[११] रशियन साम्राज्याने चीनवर आक्रमण करण्याची व्यवहार्यता निश्चित करणे हे त्याचे ध्येय होते.^[१२]

संदर्भ आणि नोंदी[संपादन]

^ ^a ^b Journal of the Society of Arts. The Society. 1873. p. 321. Next, the Muzat Pass, leading between Aksu and Russian Kulja, lies over a formidable glacier, where I am assured that 40 men are kept at work in the summer roughing the ice for the passage of the caravans.
^ Paul Knott; Bruce Normand (2009). "Untapped Potential, Exploring the Chinese Central Tien Shan". American Alpine Journal. 4 February 2020 रोजी पाहिले. The historic Xiate Trail traverses the range from north to south. This was an important trade route from Ili over to the Muzart Gorge, and hence to the Aksu region and southern Xinjiang. The trail is notable for crossing glacial terrain and a high pass at 3,582 meters. ... A short drive from Zhaosu took us to the roadhead at Xiate Hot Springs (2,380m). ... the authorities are developing the Xiate Valley as a tourist center. A new concrete bridge and hotel are under construction at the hot springs and an upgrade of the access road is mostly complete. ... Above the pastures we followed a good trail over the Muzart Pass (3,582m) to a base camp at Hadamuzi (3,525m), a beautiful meadow overlooking the Muzart (Benzhaerte) Glacier directly opposite Baiyu Feng.
^ 许立国 (2013-06-18). "巍峨壮观的"木扎尔特冰川"" (चीनी भाषेत). 新疆兵团十二师公安局信通科. 6 February 2020 रोजी पाहिले – forestry.gov.cn द्वारे. “木扎尔特冰川”，又称“木素尔岭达坂”，蒙古语的意思，是“白冰川”
^ ^a ^b Henry Lansdell (1894). Chinese Central Asia: A Ride to Little Tibet. Scribner. p. 200,279. (p200) The third and shortest route was up the Tekes valley, and over the Muzart, or Ice Pass (p279) Over the Muz-Davan, or Ice Pass ... Hiuen Tsiang, my worthy and only predecessor of note in this portion of the Pas
^ "Uzbek-English Dictionary". Center for Turkic and Iranian Lexicography and Dialectology. 6 February 2020 रोजी पाहिले. muz n. 1) ice 2) fig. cold, unpleasant; art n. mountain pass
^ E.J. van Donzel; Andrea Schmidt (17 May 2010). Gog and Magog in Early Eastern Christian and Islamic Sources: Sallam's Quest for Alexander's Wall. BRILL. pp. 248–249. ISBN 978-90-474-2762-9. Xuanzang could have attacked the mountain ... where the road to Kuldja leads to the 'Muzart Art' or Icy Pass ... Chavannes and Smith, however, are of the opinion that Xuanzang took the Bedel Pass.
^ John E. Hill (July 2003). "Section 20 – The Kingdom of Suoche 莎車 (Yarkand).". Notes to The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu (2nd ed.). Washington University. 3 February 2020 रोजी पाहिले. Neolithic artefacts from 5000 BC have been discovered in the Aksu area. By the first century BC news had reached the Chinese imperial court of the Kingdom of Baluka, one of the 36 kingdoms of the Western Regions.
^ Arminius Vambery (1874). "The Tekes Valley and the Muzart Pass". Ocean Highways: The Geographical Record. N. Trübner and Company. p. 92–93. The road from Kuldja to Aksu cuts right across the Tekes valley, climbs the ridges of the Tien-shan, and sinks gradually down to Aksu. During the period of Chinese rule this was the main artery of communication between Ili district and Kashgar ... At the entrance of the so-called Muzart Pass the road turns on both sides of the Muzart brook. ... the Russians will take care to re-establish this road
^ Hodong Kim (25 February 2004). Holy War in China: The Muslim Rebellion and State in Chinese Central Asia, 1864-1877. Stanford University Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-8047-6723-1. The Russian army took a preemptive measure by blocking the Muzart pass to cut the road from Kashgaria to Kulja.
^ Jesse Wang (19 March 1971). "The Military Significance of the Sino-soviet Border in Central Asia" (PDF). Army War College. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-02-05. 5 February 2020 रोजी पाहिले. In September 1879, Chinese Ambassador Chunghow had signed the Treaty of Livadia, by which the western, richer and larger part of the Ili valley area; the passes through the T'ien Shan, especially the Muzart Pass for the military road between Kuldja and Aksu; and five million rubles for occupation expenses were to be given to Russia. ... Much maneuvering took place among European powers who did not wish Russia to gain too much of an advantage in China. ... Russia and China went to the brink of a border war before Marquis Tseng Ki-tse (Tseng Chi-Tse), a replacement ambassador, negotiated the Treaty of St. Petersburg
^ Eric Enno Tamm (2012). "The Horse that Leaps Through Clouds". Retracing Mannerheim's Journey Across Asia. Horse That Leaps Through Clouds. 4 February 2020 रोजी पाहिले. Gustaf Mannerheim ventured northward to the foothills of the Tian Shan range. The Chief of the Russian General Staff had instructed him to conduct reconnaissance of the alpine passes and ethnic groups living in the shadow of the Tian Shan range. He left Kashgar on January 25, 1907 for a gruelling six-month trek that would bring him to Urumqi, the regional capital of Xinjiang. ... Mannerheim made a hundred-kilometre trek across the Tian Shan range through the Muzart Pass
^ Christopher Caldwell (11 August 2017). "Start to Finnish". Washington Examiner. 4 February 2020 रोजी पाहिले. It was an 8,000-mile spying expedition. Russia was drawing up plans to invade China from the west—but failed to.

[society_of_arts-1] Journal of the Society of Arts. The Society. 1873. p. 321. Next, the Muzat Pass, leading between Aksu and Russian Kulja, lies over a formidable glacier, where I am assured that 40 men are kept at work in the summer roughing the ice for the passage of the caravans.

[americanalpineclub-2] Paul Knott; Bruce Normand (2009). "Untapped Potential, Exploring the Chinese Central Tien Shan". American Alpine Journal. 4 February 2020 रोजी पाहिले. The historic Xiate Trail traverses the range from north to south. This was an important trade route from Ili over to the Muzart Gorge, and hence to the Aksu region and southern Xinjiang. The trail is notable for crossing glacial terrain and a high pass at 3,582 meters. ... A short drive from Zhaosu took us to the roadhead at Xiate Hot Springs (2,380m). ... the authorities are developing the Xiate Valley as a tourist center. A new concrete bridge and hotel are under construction at the hot springs and an upgrade of the access road is mostly complete. ... Above the pastures we followed a good trail over the Muzart Pass (3,582m) to a base camp at Hadamuzi (3,525m), a beautiful meadow overlooking the Muzart (Benzhaerte) Glacier directly opposite Baiyu Feng.

[3] 许立国 (2013-06-18). "巍峨壮观的"木扎尔特冰川"" (चीनी भाषेत). 新疆兵团十二师公安局信通科. 6 February 2020 रोजी पाहिले – forestry.gov.cn द्वारे. “木扎尔特冰川”，又称“木素尔岭达坂”，蒙古语的意思，是“白冰川”

[Lansdell1894-4] Henry Lansdell (1894). Chinese Central Asia: A Ride to Little Tibet. Scribner. p. 200,279. (p200) The third and shortest route was up the Tekes valley, and over the Muzart, or Ice Pass (p279) Over the Muz-Davan, or Ice Pass ... Hiuen Tsiang, my worthy and only predecessor of note in this portion of the Pas

[5] "Uzbek-English Dictionary". Center for Turkic and Iranian Lexicography and Dialectology. 6 February 2020 रोजी पाहिले. muz n. 1) ice 2) fig. cold, unpleasant; art n. mountain pass

[DonzelSchmidt2010-6] E.J. van Donzel; Andrea Schmidt (17 May 2010). Gog and Magog in Early Eastern Christian and Islamic Sources: Sallam's Quest for Alexander's Wall. BRILL. pp. 248–249. ISBN 978-90-474-2762-9. Xuanzang could have attacked the mountain ... where the road to Kuldja leads to the 'Muzart Art' or Icy Pass ... Chavannes and Smith, however, are of the opinion that Xuanzang took the Bedel Pass.

[7] John E. Hill (July 2003). "Section 20 – The Kingdom of Suoche 莎車 (Yarkand).". Notes to The Western Regions according to the Hou Hanshu (2nd ed.). Washington University. 3 February 2020 रोजी पाहिले. Neolithic artefacts from 5000 BC have been discovered in the Aksu area. By the first century BC news had reached the Chinese imperial court of the Kingdom of Baluka, one of the 36 kingdoms of the Western Regions.

[8] Arminius Vambery (1874). "The Tekes Valley and the Muzart Pass". Ocean Highways: The Geographical Record. N. Trübner and Company. p. 92–93. The road from Kuldja to Aksu cuts right across the Tekes valley, climbs the ridges of the Tien-shan, and sinks gradually down to Aksu. During the period of Chinese rule this was the main artery of communication between Ili district and Kashgar ... At the entrance of the so-called Muzart Pass the road turns on both sides of the Muzart brook. ... the Russians will take care to re-establish this road

[Kim2004-9] Hodong Kim (25 February 2004). Holy War in China: The Muslim Rebellion and State in Chinese Central Asia, 1864-1877. Stanford University Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-8047-6723-1. The Russian army took a preemptive measure by blocking the Muzart pass to cut the road from Kashgaria to Kulja.

[10] Jesse Wang (19 March 1971). "The Military Significance of the Sino-soviet Border in Central Asia" (PDF). Army War College. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-02-05. 5 February 2020 रोजी पाहिले. In September 1879, Chinese Ambassador Chunghow had signed the Treaty of Livadia, by which the western, richer and larger part of the Ili valley area; the passes through the T'ien Shan, especially the Muzart Pass for the military road between Kuldja and Aksu; and five million rubles for occupation expenses were to be given to Russia. ... Much maneuvering took place among European powers who did not wish Russia to gain too much of an advantage in China. ... Russia and China went to the brink of a border war before Marquis Tseng Ki-tse (Tseng Chi-Tse), a replacement ambassador, negotiated the Treaty of St. Petersburg

[11] Eric Enno Tamm (2012). "The Horse that Leaps Through Clouds". Retracing Mannerheim's Journey Across Asia. Horse That Leaps Through Clouds. 4 February 2020 रोजी पाहिले. Gustaf Mannerheim ventured northward to the foothills of the Tian Shan range. The Chief of the Russian General Staff had instructed him to conduct reconnaissance of the alpine passes and ethnic groups living in the shadow of the Tian Shan range. He left Kashgar on January 25, 1907 for a gruelling six-month trek that would bring him to Urumqi, the regional capital of Xinjiang. ... Mannerheim made a hundred-kilometre trek across the Tian Shan range through the Muzart Pass

[12] Christopher Caldwell (11 August 2017). "Start to Finnish". Washington Examiner. 4 February 2020 रोजी पाहिले. It was an 8,000-mile spying expedition. Russia was drawing up plans to invade China from the west—but failed to.

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